Biology Final Exam (1) Flashcards

Cells and Cell Membrane
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http://quizlet.com/7869541/biology-ch-114-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/7954678/biology-vocab-for-cell-division-unit-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9066684/biology-ch142-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9450790/biology-ch-12-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10243166/biology-ch-15-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10493073/biology-ch-16-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11086905/biology-ch-19-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11452840/biology-ch-20-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11801196/biology-ch-3-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/

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1981715807	what is a species	group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring	0
1981715808	what is a population	group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area	1
1981715809	what is an autotroph	organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer	2
1981715810	what is a producer	organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph	3
1981715811	what is photosynthesis	process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches	4
1981715812	what is chemosythesis	process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates	5
1981715813	what is a heterotroph	organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer	6
1981715814	what is a consumer	organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph	7
1981715815	what is a herbivore	organism that obtains energy by eating only plants	8
1981715816	what is a carnivore	organism that obtains energy by eating animals	9
1981715817	what is a decomposer	organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter	10
1981715818	what is the food chain	series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	11
1981715819	what is phytoplankton	population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton	12
1981715820	what is the food vacuole	small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food	13
1981715821	what is cilia and what does it do	short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells	14
1981715822	what is a prokaryote	unicellular organism lacking a nucleus	15
1981715823	what is an aerobe	organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live	16
1981715824	what is an anaerobe	organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen	17
1981715825	what is binary fission	type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells	18
1981715826	whta is a pathogen	disease-causing agent	19
1981715827	what is a vaccine	a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens	20
1981715828	what is an antibiotic	compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria	21
1981715829	virus	a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells	22
1981715830	capsid	outer protein coat of a virus	23
1981715831	what is a gene pool	combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population	24
1981715832	relative frequency	number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur	25
1981715833	single-gene trait	trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles	26
1981715834	polygenic trait	trait controlled by two or more genes	27
1981715835	directional selection	form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve	28
1981715836	stabilizing selection	form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end	29
1981715837	disruptive selection	form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle	30
1981715838	genetic drift	random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations	31
1981715839	speciation	formation of new species	32
1981715840	reproductive isolation	separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring	33
1981715841	behavioral isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding	34
1981715842	geographical isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water	35
1981715843	temporal isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times	36
1981715844	evolution	change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms	37
1981715845	theory	well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations	38
1981715846	fossil	preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism	39
1981715847	artificial selection	selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation	40
1981715848	struggle for existence	competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life	41
1981715849	fitness	ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment	42
1981715850	adaptation	inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival	43
1981715851	survival of the fittest	process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection	44
1981715852	natural selection	process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest	45
1981715853	common descent	principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors	46
1981715854	homologous structures	structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues	47
1981715855	vestigial organ	organ that serves no useful function in an organism	48
1981715856	transformation	process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria	49
1981715857	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)	50
1981715858	base pairing	Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine	51
1981715859	Cell Membrane	- contains the cytoplasm (all interior cell organelles and the cytosol) - allowing the chemical reactions in the cell to occur- semipermeable (or selectively permeable) - allows certain substances in, keeps others out	52
1981715860	what makes up a Phospholipid	- two hydrophobic fatty acids bound to a hydrophilic head (with a phosphate group)	53
1981715861	Protein	- integral proteins are buried inside the membrane	54
1981715862	Carbohydrates	- chains of carbohydrates serve as ID markers so the body can recognize its own cells from foreign invaders	55
1981715863	Cholesterol	- found in animal cell membranes , stiffens membranes	56
1981715864	Fluid Mosaic Model	- modern theory of how the cell membrane is arranged	57
1981715865	Diffusion	- particles move from high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached	58
1981715866	passive transport	Movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.	59
1981715867	Active Transport	- breaks concentration gradient but needs to use ATP (energy for cell) - are very specific -pumps act as enzymes with active sites so they often pump only one substrate	60
1981715868	Osmosis	- diffusion of water across a membrane	61
1981715869	Hypotonic	- has less dissolved material (therefore less water)	62
1981715870	Prokaryotic Cells	- cells lack a nucleus and all other membrane based organelles	63
1981715871	Nucleus	- contains the DNA	64
1981715872	Nucleolus	- dark area in the nucleus where DNA encoding ribosomal RNA and proteins are located	65
1981715873	Endoplasmic Reticulum	- transport tubes made of membrane , - carry proteins that will go into the membane or leave the cell completely	66
1981715874	- rough ER	contains ribosomes for protein synthesis	67
1981715875	Ribosome	- found in two places; the cytosol or on the rough ER , -site of protein synthesis	68
1981715876	mRNA	- instructions for building proteins, A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.	69
1981715877	rRNA	- a ribozyme that actually builds the proteins, Ribosomal RNA	70
1981715878	The Golgi Body	- puts final modifications on membrane proteins and proteins that leave the cell- packages proteins in vesicles (sacs of membrane)	71
1981715879	Vesicles (Vacuoles)	- membrane storage sacs; named after their contents	72
1981715880	Lysosomes	contain digestive enzymes (like lysozyme)- used to digest food	73
1981715881	Mitochondria	- responsible for harvesting energy for the cell , use oxygen	74
1981715882	Endosymbiotic Theory	Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once bacteria that were once swallowed by ancient eukaryotes but not digested. Rather, they developed a symbiosis with the cells and evolved into the organelles.	75
1981715883	Flagella	a long tail whips back and forth, very fast and makes cell move	76
1981715884	Centrioles	- found only in animal cells	77
1981715885	Cytoskeleton	- cells have an internal skeleton for strength and shape	78
1981715886	Unique to Plant Cells	- cell wall	79
1981715887	- chloroplasts	'Solar panel/fuel factory" of the cell	80
1981715888	large central vacuole	The organelle that stores water and other materials in plant cell- largest organelle in plant cell	81
1981715889	Cell Wall in plants is made of	cellulose	82
1981715890	chloroplasts	- organelles that use the sun's energy to produce ATP	83
1981715891	HIV	HIV is a virus that mutates at an extremely high rate and attacks human immune cells	84
1981715892	Two ways Antibiotic resistance is caused	Over prescription of antibiotics to patients with viral infections and patients not taking the antibiotics for the full course of treatment	85
1981715893	The parts of a virus	Protein coat (or viral envelope) & DNA or RNA (genome)	86
1981715894	What does gram staining do	Classifies bacteria -	87
1981715895	How does HIV attacks the Immune system	Killing and hiding in white blood cells (immune cells) and turning the immune system against itself	88
1981715896	Why is the triple cocktail's effective in treating HIV	It kills infected cells and helps prevent resistance to drugs	89
1981715897	Who discovered the first antibiotic and what was it	Alexander Fleming - penicillin	90
1981715898	Define a pathogen	An agent that is harmful to living organisms	91
1981715899	Three shapes of bacteria	Coccus - spherical, bacillus- rod shaped, spirillum - spiral	92
1981715900	What are antibiotics effective at treating	Bacteria	93
1981715901	Define a plasmid	An extra circular piece of DNA found in the bacteria cell cytoplasm	94
1981715902	Define a vaccine	Creates an immune response, which will protect the body if ever infected again	95
1981715903	sizes of viruses, bacteria, and human cells smallest to largest	virus, bacteria, human cell	96
1981715904	Why is HIV difficult to treat	It hides inside human cells and mutates extremely quickly	97
1981715905	The elements that make up carbohydrates,	C, H, O	98
1981715906	The elements that make up Lipids	C, H, O	99
1981715907	The elements that make up Proteins	C, H, O, N , S	100
1981715908	What does 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids together make	Lipid	101
1981715909	Simple sugar -	monosaccharide's such as glucose or fructose	102
1981715910	Carbohydrates - can be	monosaccharide's, disaccharides (lactose or sucrose) or polysaccharides (starches or cellulose)	103
1981715911	polysaccharides ex:	starches or cellulose	104
1981715912	disaccharides ex:	lactose or sucrose	105
1981715913	What kinds of bonds are used in making proteins	Peptide bonds	106
1981715914	What is a cell wall made of in plants	Cellulose	107
1981715915	important function of carbohydrates, Carbohydrates	primary fuel source of cells	108
1981715916	Proteins - wide variety of functions including	making up part of cell membrane, regulating and controlling cell function	109
1981715917	Lipids of functions including	Energy storage	110
1981715918	Saturated fats have no ______ bonds	double bonds	111
1981715919	Unsaturated fats has ______ bonds	double bonds	112
1981715920	How many amino acids there are	20 amino acids which join in a variety of combinations	113
1981715921	The properties of enzymes	Catalyst, protein, not used up in a reaction, specific, acts to lower the activation energy of a reaction, bonds with a substrate molecule at the enzyme's active site	114
1981715922	The name of the molecule an enzyme acts on	substrate	115
1981715923	What molecules the body uses to store energy	ATP	116
1981715924	The relationship between the numbers on the pH scale and acids and bases	Ranges from 0-14 Acids 0-6.9 Bases 7.1-14	117
1981715925	too much heat and different pH on enzymes can cause ______	denaturing	118
1981715926	effect that enzymes have on a reaction	Lowers the activation energy thereby speeding up a reaction at the same temperature	119
1981715927	Define a substrate	Molecules on which an enzyme acts	120
1981715928	Enzymes are proteins and they have	a 3-d shape.	121
1981715929	Carb's are either	mono/ di/ polysaccahrides.	122
1981715930	Lipids are made of	3 fatty acids and glycerol	123
1981715931	lactose intolerance	When a person is unable to digest milk because they lack the enzyme they need (lactase) to break down the lactose	124
1981715932	Aerobic	needs oxygen	125
1981715933	Anaerobic	doesn't need oxygen	126
1981715934	The reactants and products of photosynthesis	Carbon Dioxide + water + light energy Glucose + Oxygen	127
1981715935	What makes a good experiment and what is reliable data	Controlled experiment (one independent variable, multiple trials, and a control group) involving random assignment, statistically significant, and a double blind set up to help control bias	128
1981715936	Theory	proposition or principle shown to explain phenomena through experimentation	129
1981715937	Control	remains the same in an experiment for comparison	130
1981715938	Hypothesis	educated guess	131
1981715939	Objective	impartial	132
1981715940	Variables	independent variable is what you change in an experiment to see its effect (only 1 in ea. Exp), dependent variable is the result or effect of that independent variable	133
1981715941	Smooth ER is the	transport system within the cell	134
1981715942	Rough ER has	ribosomes lining it (involved in protein synthesis)	135
1981715943	Cell membrane	double layer of lipids with proteins imbedded within, selectively permeable, regulates what passes into/out of the cell	136
1981715944	Nucleus	control center of the cell, holds genetic material	137
1981715945	Cell wall	made of cellulose, provides rigid support for a plant cell	138
1981715946	Mitochondria	powerhouse of the cell	139
1981715947	Vacuole	used for storage, in plant cell plays a part in turgor pressure	140
1981715948	What does selectively permeable mean	only allows certain materials to pass through	141
1981715949	Which cell parts does a plant cell have	Chloroplast, Cell wall, Large central vacuole	142
1981715950	Passive transport	Movement of molecules with the concentration gradient (from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration) and Does not require energy	143
1981715951	Osmosis	movement of water	144
1981715952	Diffusion	movement of particles	145
1981715953	Facilitated Diffusion	same as passive transport but with assistance of carrier molecules embedded within cell membrane	146
1981715954	Active Transport	requires energy, goes against concentration gradient (from low to high concentrations)	147