Biology Spring Final Exam Flashcards

794553869	Binary Fission	Division of prokaryotic cells; produces 2 cells	0
794553870	chromatids	one half of a replicated chromosome	1
794553871	centromere	point at which 2 chromatids are connected	2
794553872	homologous chromosomes	the chromosomes have the same size, same shape, and same genetic information.	3
794553873	sex chromosomes	determines the sex of an organism	4
794553874	prophase	first phase of mitosis	5
794553875	cytokinesis	splitting of cytoplasm	6
794553876	adenine	compliments thymine	7
794553877	guanine	compliments cytosine	8
794553878	cytosine	compliments guanine	9
794553879	uracil	compliments adenine	10
794553880	nitrogenous bases	base that contains nitrogen it; is either a purine or pyrimidine (4 of them)	11
794553881	codon	three nucleotide sequence found on mRNA	12
794553882	deoxyribose	sugar found in DNA.	13
794553883	helicase	enzymes that separate the DNA strings	14
794553884	nucleotide	made of a phosphate, sugar, and a base.	15
794553885	purine	made of 2 rings	16
794553886	Complete dominance	when both alleles are dominant Example:RR or Rr	17
794553887	Incomplete Dominance	neither alleles completely dominant over the other resulting in three outcomes.	18
794553888	F1 generation	offspring of parents, stands for 1st felilie	19
794553889	F2 generation	offspring of F, stands for 2nd felilie	20
794553890	nondisjunction	when homologous chromosomes fail to separate	21
794553891	germ cell mutation	when a sex cell (gamete) has a mutation	22
794553892	somatic cell mutation	mutation in a body cell	23
794553893	homozygous	both alleles of the gene pair are the same ex:HH or hh	24
794553894	heterozygous	when both alleles of the gene pair are different ex: Hh	25
794553895	dominant	the gene that masks ex:HH or Hh	26
794553896	recessive	the gene that is masked, it's being covered ex:Hh	27
794553897	genotype	genetic make up	28
794553898	phenotype	physical appearance	29
794553899	monohybrid cross	a cross dealing with one characteristic	30
794553900	sex chromosomes for a female and male	XX= Female XY= Male	31
794553901	Sex linked trait	trait linked to a sex chromosome (can be on both X or Y) ex: hemophilia	32
794553902	father of genetics	gregor mendel, did his study on pea plants	33
794553903	What shape represents a female?	Circle	34
794553904	What shape represents a male?	square	35
794948655	A blood type	IA IA or IA i	36
794948656	B blood type	IB IB or IB i	37
794948657	O blood type	ii	38
794948658	AB blood type	IA IB	39
794948659	Universal donor	O	40
794948660	Universal Recipient	AB	41
794948661	James Watson & Francis Crick	The Nobel Prize was given to these men for writing a paper saying that DNA was a double helix.	42
794948662	Rosalind Franklin	She was not credited with the Nobel Prize because she died. She was an expert in X-ray crystallography.	43
794948663	The primary function of DNA in cells is to	store information that tells the cells which proteins to make.	44
794948664	The two strands of DNA molecule are held together by	Hydrogen bonds	45
794948665	According to the base-pairing rules, guanine binds with	Cytosine	46
794948666	Which of the following is NOT a correct structure of a nucleotide?	Adenine--ribose--phosphate	47
794948667	Before replication can take place,	the two strands of DNA must separate.	48
794948668	Replication of the two DNA strands takes place	in two different directions	49
794948669	In replication in prokaryotes,	two replication forks move on opposite directions	50
794948670	A mutation is a	change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA	51
794948671	Which of following enzymes is involved with breaking hydrogen bonds?	DNA helicase	52
794948672	A protein is a polymer consisting of a specific sequence of	amino acids	53
794948673	The genetic code specifies the correlation between	an RNA-nucleotide sequence and an amino-acid sequence.	54
794948674	During translation, one end of a tRNA molecule pairs with a complementary	mRNA codon	55
794948675	In eukaryotic cells, RNA is copied from DNA in the	nucleus	56
794948676	Two amino acids are linked by a peptide bond when	two tRNAs pair with neighboring codons on an mRNA transcript.	57
794948677	During cell division, the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled into	chromosomes	58
794948678	Between cell divisions, the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is uncoiled and spread out; in this form it is called	chromatin	59
794948679	The chromosomes of most prokaryotes consist of proteins and	a singular circular DNA molecule.	60
794948680	Humans have 46 chromosomes in all cells except sperm and egg cells. How many of these chromosomes are autosomes?	44	61
794948681	If an organism has a diploid, or 2n, number 16, how many chromosomes do its sperm and egg cells contain?	8	62
794948682	Prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process called	binary fission	63
794948683	In eukaryotic cells, DNA is copied during a phase of the cell cycle called	S phase	64
794948684	The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides by a process called	cytokinesis	65
794948685	The fibers that extend from centromere to centromere during mitosis are	polar fibers	66
794948686	In the G 0 phase, cells	exit from the cell cycle	67
794948687	During synapsis, the	chromosomes line up next to their homologues	68
794948688	During crossing-over, portions of chromatids	break off and attach to adjacent chromosomes on the homologous chromosomes	69
794948689	In which phase of meiosis do tetrads form?	prophase I	70
794948690	Meiosis II	separates chromatids into opposite poles of the cell	71
794948691	in oogenesis, a diploid reproductive cell divides meiotically to produce	one haploid gamete	72
794948692	Mitosis	1. Starts with one diploid cell and ends with two diploid cells 2. Produces somatic (body) cells 3. One division	73
794948693	Meiosis	1. Start with one diploid cell and end with four haploid cells. 2. Produces gametes (sex) cells 3. Two divisions	74
794948694	Mendel obtained plants that were true-breeding for particular traits by	allowing plants to self-pollinate for several generations	75
794948695	When Mendel crossed a strain of tall pea plants with a strain of short pea plants, he observed that all the plants in the F1 generation were tall. This suggests that	the tall trait was contolled by a dominant factor.	76
794948696	A cross between true-breeding green-podded pea plants and true-breeding yellow-podded pea plants produces only green-podded plants. When the F1 generation is allowed to self-pollinate, the F2 generation consists of	about three-quarters green-podded plants and one-quarter yellow-podded plants.	77
794948697	When alleles for different characteristics are on separate chromosomes, they are distributed to gametes independently. This observation is summarized by the law of	independent assortment	78
794948698	The appearance of an organism is its	phenotype	79
794948699	A genetic cross performed many times produces 798 long-stemmed plants and 266 short-stemmed plants. The probability of obtaining a short stem plant in a similar cross is	266/1064	80
794948700	A monohybrid cross of two individuals that are heterozygous for a trait exhibiting complete dominance would probably result in a phenotypic ratio of	3 dominant: 1 recessive	81
794948701	To determine the genotype of an individual that shows the dominant phenotype, you would cross the individual with one that is	homozygous recessive	82
794948702	In a dihybrid cross between an individual with the genotype RRYY and an individual with the genotype rryy, all of the offspring will have the genotype	RrYr	83
794948703	Genes that belong to the same linkage group tend to be	inherited together	84
794948704	Two genes that are one map unit apart are separated by crossing-over	1% of the time	85
794948705	Mutations that can be inherited arise in	germ cells	86
794948706	Which of the following sequences could result from an inversion of the sequence GAGACATT?	GATACAGT	87
794948707	Which of the following is a point mutation that does not produce a frameshift?	substitution	88
794948708	Which individual(s) in the pedigree shown below must be a carrier?	both 1 and 4	89
794948709	Since the ABO blood group alleles are codominant, an individual with the genotype IA IB will have blood type	AB	90
794948710	Which of the following human traits is not a polygenic trait?	ABO blood type	91
794948711	In humans, PKU can be treated by	diet	92
796088603	Modern version of Linneaus classification system	Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species	93
796088604	Scientific Name for humans	Homo sapiens	94
796088605	Domain and Kingdom for Humans	Eukarya;Animalia	95
796088606	Gram Negative	Takes up second stain (safranin O) Appears pink Thin layer of peptidoglycan	96
796088607	Gram Positive	Retain the intial stain (crystal violet) Appears purple Thick layer of peptidoglycan	97
796088608	Bacillus	rod shaped	98
796088609	Coccus	sphere shaped	99
796088610	Spirillus	spiral shaped	100
796088611	Aristotle classified animals on the basis of	where they lived.	101
796088612	The main criterion used in Linnaeus's system of classification is an organism's	morphology	102
796088613	Each subset within a class of organisms is called a(n)	order	103
796088614	In the scientific name of an organism, the first part is the	genus	104
796088615	The species name of the pangolin is	Manis temminckii (italicized)	105
796088616	The organisms that live in hostile environments that cannot support other forms of life are members of the domain	Archaea	106
796088617	Amoebas and paramecia belong to the kingdom	Protista	107
796088618	mushrooms, puffballs, mildews, and som emolds belong to the kingdom	Fungi	108
796088619	the domain that includes the oldest known fossil cells is called	Eukarya	109
796088620	The domain Eukarya includes	protists, fungi, plants, and animals.	110
796088621	Fossil evidence indicates that the earliest prokaryotes on Earth lived about	2.5 billion years ago.	111
796088622	Which of the following types of bacteria would you most likely find in very salty water?	halophile	112
796088623	Archaea and Bacteria are placed in separate domains because	their rRNA sequences are different.	113
796173221	Actinmycetes are	Gram-positive bacteria that form branching filaments.	114
796173222	Which of the followin gtypes of bacteria would you be most likely to find in the human intestinal tract	enteric bacterium	115
796173223	One structure you would not find in a bacterial cell is a	mitochondrion	116
796173224	Which of the following is not a method of movement used by bacteria?	forceful expulsion of water from contractile vacoules.	117
796173225	Photoautotrophic bacteria obtain energy	from the sun.	118
796173226	Which types of bacteria can live in the presence of oxygen?	only obligate aerobes and faculative anaerobes.	119
796173227	The process by which two living bacteria bind together and transfer genetic information is called	conjugation.	120
796173228	One bacterial disease that is transmitted by contaminated water is	cholera	121
796173229	A poison that is released from th eouter membrane of dead Gram-negative bacteria is called	an endotoxin.	122
796173230	Which of the folloeing is not a way that bacteria cause disease in humans?	conjugating with human cells.	123
796173231	Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by	acquiring an R-plasmid for resistance.	124
796173232	One of the postive ways bacteria affect our lives is by	helping to clean up oil spills.	125
796173233	Viruses are not alive because	all of the above. (do not grow, lack cell parts, do not metabloize)	126
796173234	Viruses can reproduce	only within host cells.	127
796173235	The enzyme reverse transcriptase uses	RNA as a template to make DNA.	128
796173236	The grouping of viruses is based partly on the	presence or absence of an envelope	129
796173237	Phage DNA that is integrated into host cell's chromosomes is a	prophage	130
796173238	One viral disease that can occur in childhood and then reappear in adulthood in a more serious form is	chickenpox	131
796173239	The most successful approach to controlling viral diseases has been the use of	vaccines	132
796173240	Which of the following viral diseases is now considered to be eradicated?	smallpox	133
796173241	An emerging virus is one that arises	when isolated habitats are developed by humans.	134
796173242	A disease-causing particle made of RNA without a capsule is called	a viroid.	135
796173243	Mucus serves as a nonspecific defense to pathogens by	capturing pathogens	136
796173244	Which of the following statements is false?	Fever activates cellular enzymes.	137
796173245	Macrophages	all of the above (are white blood cells, cross blood-vessel walls, engulf and destroy large pathogens)	138
796173246	Natural killer cells are	none of the above (specialized red blood cells, infected cells, phagocytes)	139
796173247	AN inflammatory response is initiated by	pathogens	140
796173248	Which of the following are not lymphocytes?	macrophages	141
796173249	Bone marrow is considered part of the immune system because it	produces white blood cells.	142
796173250	B cells	are involved with the humoral immune response.	143
796173251	Interleukins are secreted by	helper T cells.	144
796173252	Cell-mediated immune response require	helper T cells.	145
796173253	A diagnosis of AIDS is made when a person has	few T cells	146
796173254	Which of the following is a route of HIW transmission?	sharing of hypodermic needles	147
796173255	The most common means of HIV transmission is	sexual intercourse with a person infected with HIV.	148
796173256	Vaccines against HIV are difficult to design because HIV	changes rapidly.	149
796173257	HIV begins to reproduce	shortly after infection.	150
796173258	What does macrophage mean?	big-eater	151
796173259	What type of chemical do vaccines produce?	anitbodies	152
796173260	Protozoans are members of the kingdom	Protista	153
796173261	One characteristic that is not found in any protozoan is	multicellularity	154
796173262	All protists are capable of	either asexual of sexual reproduction	155
796173263	All of the following are structures used for protist movement except	zoospores	156
796173264	Protists are thought to have evolved from	ancient prokaryotes	157
796173265	Amoebas move by means of a process known as	cytoplasmic streaming	158
796173266	Which of the following is formed from the tests of dead sacrodines?	limestone	159
796173267	Sexual reproduction in ciliates involves	the exchange of haploid micronuclei between two individuals.	160
796173268	One disease caused by a mastigophoran is	sleeping sickness	161
796173269	Most species in the phylum Apicomplexa are	parasitic and have complex life styles.	162
796173270	Algae differ frm protozoans in that algae are	photosynthetic	163
796173271	The body portion of seaweed is called	thallus	164
796173272	Algae are classified into phyla based on all the following except their	presence or absence of flagella	165
796173273	A plasmodial slime mold will generally form a fruiting body when	food or water is scarce.	166
796173274	Separate sperm-containing and egg-containing structures are produced by	water molds	167
796173275	Which of the following statements accurately describes animals?	All animals are multicellular, all are heterotrophic, and all lack cell walls.	168
796173276	An animal's ability to move results from the interrelationship between	nervous tissue and muscle tissue	169
796173277	Scientists infer that the first invertebrates evolved from	colonial protists	170
796173278	Cephalization is associated with	bilaterally symmetrical animals	171
796173279	A body cavity aids in an animal's movement by	providing a firm structure against which muscles can contract.	172
796173280	In a closed circulatory system,	blood circulates through the body in tubular vessels.	173
796173281	A gut is a	digestive tract that runs through the body.	174
796173282	A hermaphrodite is an organism that	produces both male and female gametes.	175
796173283	The moist skin of an amphibian funtions as	a respiratory organ.	176
796173284	Development of zygotes outside the body of the female paretn is a charecteristic of	many fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds.	177
796173285	Invertebrates are animals that lack	a backbone	178
796173286	Adult sponges are sessile, which means that they	attach to a surface and do not move.	179
796173287	Choanocytes perform all of the following except	distributing nutirents throughout the rest of the body.	180
796173288	Sponges eliminate carbon dioxide and cellular wastes by	allowing them to diffuse into the water that passes through the sponge.	181
796173289	After a sponge egg is fertilized, it develops into a(n)	larva.	182
796173290	Cnidarians and ctenophores are more complec than sponges because, unlike sponges, they have	tissues and organs	183
796173291	The structure that coordinate the complex activities of a cnidarian's body is the	nerve net	184
796173292	An example of a cnidarian in the class Hydrozoa is a	Portuguese man-of-war	185
796173293	Corals exist in a symbiotic relationship with	algae	186
796173294	Ctenophores move through the water by	beating their cilia	187
796173295	Asymmetry	no symmetry	188
796173296	Bilateral	two equal halves	189
796173297	Cephalization	definite anterior end	190
796173298	Coelom	body cavity	191
796173299	Eukaryotic	membrane bound nucleus and organelles	192
796173300	Exoskeleton	rigged outer covering that protects organs	193
796173301	Heterotrophic	rely on other organisms for food	194
796173302	Multicellular	many cells	195
796173303	Pseudo	"fake"; false	196