Memory Flashcards

148913955	memory	persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of info.	0
148913956	encoding	getting info into memory system—for example, by extracting meaning or elaborating	1
148913957	flashbulb memory	clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event; high confidence in the memory, but still subject to decay/errors in recall	2
148913958	long-term memory	relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.	3
148913959	retrieval	process of getting info out of memory storage.	4
148913960	sensory memory	immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system.	5
148913961	short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before info is stored or forgotten.	6
148913962	storage	memory process of the retention of encoded info over time.	7
148913964	automatic processing	unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.	8
148913965	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious work	9
148913966	maintenance rehearsal	system for remembering involving repeating info to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it	10
148913967	spacing effect or distributive study	tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.	11
148913968	phonemic or acoustic encoding	encoding sound, especially sounds of words.	12
148913969	semantic encoding	encoding of meaning, including meaning of words.	13
148913970	serial position effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.	14
148913971	structural (visual) encoding	encoding of picture images.	15
148913972	imagery	mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.	16
148913973	mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.	17
148913974	chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.	18
148913975	echoic memory	momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.	19
148913976	iconic memory	momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.	20
148913977	long-term potentiation (LTP)	increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.	21
148913978	organic amnesia	loss of memory caused by brain injury resulting from physical damage, disease, or alcohol or drugs	22
148913979	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) Includes episodic and semantic	23
148913980	implicit memory	a memory that was not deliberately learned or of which you have no conscious awareness of a procedure (also called procedural or non declarative memory)	24
148913981	hippocampus	brain part located in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.	25
148913982	recall	measure of memory in which person must retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.	26
148913983	recognition	measure of memory in which person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.	27
148913985	priming	activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response -aids in retrieval	28
148913986	déjà vu	eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.	29
148913987	mood-congruent memory	tendency to recall experiences consistent with one's current good or bad affect. When we are happy it is easier to recall positive memories than negative ones.	30
148913988	proactive interference	old info interferes with learning new info and you can't remember the new info	31
148913989	retroactive interference	new info interferes with remembering old info and you can't remember the old info	32
148913990	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. (done unconsciously)	33
148913991	misinformation effect	incorporating incorrect info into someone's memory of an event can alter their memory - important for research on eyewitnesses and jury trials	34
148913992	source amnesia	attributing to wrong source an event we experienced, heard about, or read about.	35
148913993	motivated forgetting	strong desire or motive to forget, usually experience is too disturbing/upsetting to remember (like repression)	36
148913994	elaboration	Linking a stimulus to other info at time of encoding.	37
148913995	loci method	strategy for remembering lists by picturing items in familiar locations.	38
148913996	peg-word system	associating items to be remembered with pre-memorized peg words like one-bun	39
148913998	Ebbinghaus	did a case study on himself; memorizing nonsense words, curve of forgetting	40
148913999	Loftus	studied false memories (confabulations) and impact on eyewitness testimony; effects of leading questions	41
148914000	overlearning	Continuing to rehearse info even after it has been memorized; method to overcome forgetting curve	42
148914001	forgetting curve	founded by Ebbinghaus graphic representation of speed and amount of forgetting that occurs	43
148914002	relearning	memory measure that assesses amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.	44
148914004	George Miller	individual that found that STM has capacity of about 7 (+/- 2) items.	45
148914005	semantic memory	memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts stored in hippocampus	46
148914006	episodic memory	Memory of one's life, including time of occurrence - dated personal recollections stored in hippocampus	47
148914007	storage decay	even after encoding something well, we sometimes later forget it because connections to memory disintegrate	48
148914008	infantile amnesia	inability to remember events that occurred during one's early years (before age 3) due to neurological immaturity	49
148914010	tip of the tongue phenomenon	The experience during attempted recall that you have access to some aspects of the memory - but can't quite get it out	50
148914013	context dependent memory	theory that info learned in a particular situation or PLACE is better remembered when in that same situation or place.	51
148914014	state dependent memory	Memory is recalled better because you are in the same physiological state as when you were learning the info	52
148914016	procedural memory	memory for skills, including perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills required to complete tasks; also called implicit memory	53
148914017	cocktail party effect	ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises and still pick up relevant info such as your name	54
148914018	rosy retrospection	tendency to rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when the event occurred.	55
148914019	eidetic memory	ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure; also called photographic memory	56
148914020	next in line effect	phenomenon in which people tend to not recall much of what was said just before they took their turn to speak.	57
148914022	primacy effect	tendency to show greater memory for info that comes first in a sequence. One part of serial position effect	58
148914023	recency effect	tendency to show greater memory for info that comes last in a sequence. One part of the serial position effect	59
148914024	levels of processing theory	concept that the more deeply people encode info, the better they will recall it. (semantic is most deep level of processing)	60
148914025	nonsense syllables	Stimuli used to study memory (originally used by Ebbinghaus); typically composed of a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence	61
148914026	information processing model	model of memory in which info must pass through discrete stages via processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval	62
148914029	the capacity of STM	7 plus or minus 2	63
148914031	working memory	newer understanding of STM that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory & visual-spatial info, and of info retrieved from LTM	64
148914036	amygdala	two almond-shaped neural clusters of the limbic system that process the emotional aspects of memories	65
148914037	cerebellum	brain area which stores implicit or procedural memories	66