Ch.17 (The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750) Flashcards

1096293675	Machiavelli, Niccolo	(1469-1527) Author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discusions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of Italian Renaissance	0
1096293676	the Renaissance	Emphasized new styles and beliefs; religious changes springing from the Protestant Reformation had an even wider impact	1
1096293677	humanism	Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles , in particular the study of ancient languages	2
1096293678	Northern Renaissance	Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c.1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance	3
1096293679	Francis I	King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new control over Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor	4
1096293680	Gutenberg, Johannes	Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets	5
1096293681	European-style family	Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married	6
1096293682	Luther, Martin	(1483-1546) German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenburg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church	7
1096293683	Protestantism	General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic belief in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief	8
1096293684	Anglican church	Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as the head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife;became increasingly Protestant following Hnery's death	9
1096293685	Calvin, Jean	French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encourage ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America	10
1096293686	Catholic Reformation	Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protenstant belief	11
1096293687	Jesuits	A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia	12
1096293688	edict of Nantes	Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions	13
1096293689	Thirty Years War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden , Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	14
1096293690	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individuals ruler within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion--either Catholic or Protestant	15
1096293691	trade and manufactoring	Expanded rapidly; a more commercial economy also spurred protest	16
1096293692	English Civil War	Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king	17
1096293693	proletariat	Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries	18
1096293694	witchcraft persecution	Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas	19
1096293695	Scientific Revolution	Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages	20
1096293696	Copernicus	Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe	21
1096293697	Johannes Kepler	(December 27, 1571-November 15, 1630) Was an astronomer and mathematician who was a prominent figure in the scientific revolution	22
1096293698	revolution in the nature and status of science	Occurred during the 17th century; the European state took on new forms and functions; this wave of change intensified after 1650	23
1096293699	Galileo	Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work	24
1096293700	Harvey, William	English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump	25
1096293701	Francis Bacon	(22 January 1561-9 April 1626) Was an English philosopher, statesman, author, and scientist; he was an influential member of the scientific revolution, and is best known for work on the scientific method	26
1096293702	Descartes, Rene	Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature	27
1096293703	Newton, Isaac	(1643-1727) English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into and neat framework of natural laws established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity	28
1096293704	Deism	Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun	29
1096293705	Locke, John	(1632-1704) English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants	30
1096293706	feudalism in Western Europe	As it declined, new political forms gained ground; both absolute and parliamentary monarchies emerged	31
1096293707	absolute monarchy	Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws with parliaments, appointed professional armies and bureaucracies, establishes state churches, imposed state economic policies	32
1096293708	Louis XIV	(1638-1715) French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy	33
1096293709	Glorious Revolution	English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovreignty over the king	34
1096293710	parliamentary monarchy	Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative power in parliaments	35
1096293711	the Enlightenment	Expanded the range of intellectual innovation; key changes gained further ground in the 18th century	36
1096293712	Frederick the Great	Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy	37
1096293713	Enlightenment	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior	38
1096293714	Smith, Adam	Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces	39
1096293715	Denis Diderot	(October 5, 1713-July 31, 1784) A French Enlightenment figure beat known for his work on the first encyclopedia	40
1096293716	Wollstonecraft, Mary	(1759-1797) Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political right should extend to women	41
1096293717	mass consumerism	Refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels. along with a growing economic capacity to afford some of these goods; while hints of it can be found in several premodern societies, it developed most clearly, beginning in Western Europe, from the 18th century onward	42