AP Bio: Cell Signaling and Endocrine System Flashcards

3418268124	signal transduction pathway	a signal on a cells surface is converted unto a specific cellular response	0
3522177533	each cell secreted a "factor", binding of the factors occurs		1
3418268125	cell junctions	gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants	2
3418268126	cell-cell recognition	cells communicate with help of molecules on their surfaces	3
3418268127	local signaling	only specific target cells recognize and respond to a given chemical signal	4
3418268128	synaptic signaling	nerve cells release neurotransmitters to jump a synapse (neuron to neuron, not sending to far away.)	5
3522177534	paracrine signaling	secreting cell released molecules into the environment which react with nearby cells allows for "talking" to several cells at one time.	6
3418268129	endocrine signaling	hormones are released into blood and reach all body cells, but only react with target cells	7
3418268130	sutherland	studied epinephrine and how it stimulates breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscle cells and contribute to knowledge of the stages of cell signaling	8
3522177535	reception	target cell detects signal molecules, signals are only recognized by specific cells. -receptor protein is needed, may change shape to induce reaction	9
3522177536	intercellular receptors	enter cell and go to nucleus or cytoplasm -typically hydrophobic or small -steroid and thyroid hormones	10
3522177537	transduction	attaching of signal molecule to receptor proteins triggers the conversion of the signal to a cellular response.	11
3522177538	kinase	enzyme which causes phosphorylation	12
3522177539	phosphatases	enzymes which cause dephosphorylation turn off signal	13
3522177540	second messengers	ions or nonproteins, small, water soluble -transmit information from plasma membrane to cytoplasm -ca+ and cAMP are examples	14
3522177541	response	cellular response takes place	15
3522177542	amplification	may occur allowing for a large response with limited signals	16
3522177543	specificity	proteins determine which signals the cell responds to and how they respond	17
3522177544	hypothalamus	control center of endocrine system, where ADH is synthesized	18
3522177545	negative feedback	message to shut something down	19
3522177546	positive feedback	message to continue a process	20
3524107713	posterior pituitary gland	releases neuron probes made in hypothalamus. ocytocin: uterus contraction ADH: kidney water retention	21
3524107714	anterior pituitary gland	growth hormone (protein) prolactin follicle stimulating hormone thyroid stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone ACTH: peptide	22
3524330730	tropic hormones	substances that stimulate another endocrine gland to secrete its hormones.	23
3524107715	thyroid gland	thyroxine: amine, metabolism calcitonin: amine, lowers calcium level	24
3524107716	pancreas	insulin, glucagon both proteins lower and raise blood glucose levels -functions as both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland	25
3524107717	adrenal glands	epinephrine and norepinephrine (amines) raise blood glucose level, metabolism, constrict vessels	26
3524107718	testes	androgens (steroid) support sperm development	27
3524107719	ovaries	estrogens (steroid) stimulate uterine lining growth and development of female sex characteristics progestins (amine) promote uterine lining growth	28
3524107720	pineal gland	melatonin (amine) involved in biological rhythms.	29
3524330731	the adrenal cortex produces only..	amines	30
3524330732	hormones directly affect the	anterior pituitary gland	31
3524330733	which two hormones are essential for survivial	parathyroid hormone and aldosterone	32
3524330734	a target tissue for leuteinizing hormone is...	gonads	33
3524330735	which hormone has no function in mammals?	MSH	34
3524330736	adrenal medulla	produces epinephrine and norepinephrine	35
3524330737	epinephrine and norepinephrine are	both hormones and neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system	36
3524330738	anterior pituitary	develops from an outgrowth of epithelium lining the roof of the mouth	37
3524330739	steroids	types of hormones that enter target cells, bind with a receptor protein, penetrate the nucleus, and influence the transcription of genes (because they are hydrophobic)	38
3524330740	lipophilic hormones	fat soluble hormones	39
3524330741	posterior pituitary	releases oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)	40
3524330742	calcitonin	-promotes the formation of the bone matrix -is produced by the thyroid gland -will decrease the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract -stimulates osteoblast activity -decreases the serum calcium levels	41
3524330743	advantages of chemical messengers over electrical signals (endocrine system vs nervous system)	-chemical messengers spread to all tissues -chemical signals can persist longer -different chemicals can target diff tissues	42
3524330744	second messengers	triggered as a response to peptide hormones	43
3524330745	protein kinases	enzymes which stimulate the production of second messenger molecules	44