Progressivism Flashcards
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| 727402523 | Progressive movement | is the label historians attach to a highly variegated movement for social change that climaxed between the Spanish-American War and World War I. Its origins lay in the effort to control big business, provide social justice, and clean up corruption and inefficiency in government. | 0 | |
| 727402524 | Henry Demarest Lloyd | One of the earliest "Muckrakers", who in 1881 wrote a series of articles for the Atlantic Monthly attacking the practices of the Standard Oil Company and the railroads, but failed to suggest how to control it. | 1 | |
| 727402525 | direct primary | new system for bypassing politicians and placing the nominating process for candidates for state and federal office by majority vote instead of party bosses | 2 | |
| 727402526 | pragmatism | The philosophy of pragmatism, closely identified with William James, held that in a world of constant change (evolution), absolutes were difficult to justify, and that abstract concepts were useful only in terms of their practical effects. Pragmatism inspired much of the reform movement of late nineteenth century America, but it also seemed to suggest that the end justifies the means and to promote materialism | 3 | |
| 727402527 | Standard Oil Company | John D. Rockefeller organized Standard Oil in Cleveland in 1870. Through ruthless competition and superb organization, the Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of oil refining in the United States by 1879. | 4 | |
| 727402528 | Robert La Folette | an uncompromising foe of corruption in government, became reform governor of (and later senator from) Wisconsin. He had faith in people's ability, once informed, to do the right thing. He fathered the Wisconsin Idea of including scholars and experts in the administration of state government | 5 | |
| 727402529 | William James | was the founder of the discipline of psychology. He was the most influential philosopher of his time. Contrary to the prevailing environmentalism, James held an axiomatic belief in free will. He was America's leading proponent of pragmatism | 6 | |
| 727402530 | Lincoln Steffans | a muckraking journalist, an investigative and crusading reporter who exposed the graft and corruption of boss and machine politics in city and state government - wrote the Shame of the Cities(1904) | 7 | |
| 727402531 | direct election of senators | Before the Progressive era, U.S. senators had been chosen not by the people but by majority vote of the state legislatures. This practice was attacked by the Progressives and ended in 1913 with the adoption of the 17th Amendment | 8 | |
| 727402532 | John Dewey | he "father" of progressive education, John Dewey published "The School and Society" (1899) to suggest the need for an education that was practical and useful. He insisted that education should be child centered and that schools should build character, teach good citizenship, and be instruments of social reform | 9 | |
| 727402533 | Ida Tarbell | muckraking journalist who exposed the workings of the Standard Oil Company. | 10 | |
| 727402534 | Seventeenth Amendment | requires that all U.S. senators be elected by popular vote. | 11 | |
| 727402535 | Frederick W. Taylor | inventor of the scientific management system —By using a stopwatch to time the output of factory workers, Taylor discovered ways of organizing people in the most efficient manner thereby increasing production and streamlining the assembly line | 12 | |
| 727402536 | Jacob Riis | muckraker who one of the first photojournalists whose articles on tenement life along with his photos were publish as How the Other Half Lives(1890) | 13 | |
| 727402537 | Initiative | the procedure by which citizens can introduce a subject for legislation, usually through a petition signed by a specific number of voters. | 14 | |
| 727402538 | referendum | is the submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct popular vote for approval or rejection | 15 | |
| 727402539 | recall | refers to the process of removing an official from office by popular vote, usually after using petitions to call for such a vote | 16 | |
| 727402540 | scientific management | invented by Frederick W. Taylor who by using a stopwatch to time the output of factory workers was able to discover ways of organizing people in the most efficient manner thereby increasing production and streamlining the assembly line | 17 | |
| 727402541 | Theodore Dreiser | muckraking novelist , wrote Sister Carrie which traces the downward journey of an innocent country girl who is corrupted by urban pleasures and becomes a prostitute. | 18 | |
| 727402542 | social welfare | reform movement, particularly in the Progressive Era, which worked to help address needs of immigrants and the working class through settlement houses, lobbying, etc (of leaders: Jane Addams) | 19 | |
| 727402543 | muckrakers | progressive investigative journalists who exposed the seamy side of American life at the turn of the twentieth century. They were named by President Roosevelt who disapproved of their "raking in the muck." | 20 | |
| 727402544 | Australian ballot | refers to the use of official ballots and secret voting rather than party tickets | 21 | |
| 727402545 | municipal reform | Changes in city governments that encourage honesty, fair utilities, and welfare services for residents, encouraged middle-class business development | 22 | |
| 727402546 | Samuel M. Jones | "Golden Rule" Jones was the progressive reform mayor of Toledo, Ohio at the turn of the twentieth century. He, like other reform mayors, launched a massive assault on dishonesty and inefficiency in urban government | 23 | |
| 727402547 | Tom L. Johnson | Businessman who later became a popular mayor of Cleveland. As mayor he greatly improved living conditions. | 24 | |
| 727402548 | Charles Evans Hughes | a progressive Republican, was that party's presidential nominee in 1916. Later, he was a secretary of state and chief justice of the Supreme Court. He tried to straddle both sides of the fence regarding American policy toward Germany which lost him the election | 25 | |
| 727402549 | Hiram Johnson | Republican Governor of California in 1910, this dynamic prosecutor of grafters helped break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics and then, like La Follette, set up a political machine of his own | 26 | |
| 727402550 | Theodore Roosevelt | leader of national progressivism at the turn of the twentieth century. He supported regulation of big business, conservation of natural resources, and a "square deal" for ordinary people. He greatly expanded the role and authority of the presidency in the national government. | 27 | |
| 727402551 | Square Deal | Roosevelt's policy of having the federal government promote the public interest by dealing evenhandedly with both labor and business | 28 | |
| 727402552 | Anthracite coal miners' strike (1902) | A strike that involved miners, and that endangered Americans...without coal they would freeze to death! Roosevelt handled it by bringing the mine owners and a union leader to the white house to settle the issue. After threatening to overtake the mines with military power, the mine owners agreed to a 10% wage raise and 9 hour days for the miners, but not union recognition. | 29 | |
| 727402553 | Trust-busting | Roosevelt wanted to break up trusts, but made a distinction between regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated to a market and breaking up "bad trusts" which harmed the public and stifled competition. | 30 | |
| 727402554 | Elkins Act (1903) | sponsored by President Theodore Roosevelt, provided for the regulation of interstate railroads. The act forbade rebates or other rate reductions to shipping companies. Railroads were not allowed to offer rates different from the published rates. | 31 | |
| 727402555 | Hepburn Act (1906) | put teeth in the regulatory power of the Interstate Commerce Commission. It gave the commission power to inspect railroad companies' records, set maximum rates, and outlaw free passes, which were often used to influence politicians. | 32 | |
| 727402556 | Upton Sinclair | The Jungle, Socialist journalist Upton Sinclair's novel "The Jungle" was a devastating exposé of Chicago's slaughterhouses. Its publication and popularity helped President Roosevelt pressure Congress into enacting meat-inspection and pure-food and drug legislation | 33 | |
| 727402557 | Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) | An act which called for the regulation of consumer products to prevent false advertising., the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs | 34 | |
| 727402558 | Meat Inspection Act (1906) | Progressive law passed in 1906 largely in reaction to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, the law set strict standards of cleanliness in the meatpacking industry | 35 | |
| 727402559 | conservation | the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources | 36 | |
| 727402560 | Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) | An act which took federal funds that were collected from national land sales and put them to use funding large-scale irrigation projects. | 37 | |
| 727402561 | Gifford Pinchot | One of the country's first scientific foresters, appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1881 as the chief of the newly created Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture; worked to develop programs and public interest in conservation, but was fired in 1910 by President William Howard Taft after exposing a supposed scandal involving western conservation land in what came to be known as the Ballinger-Pinchot affair. | 38 | |
| 727402562 | William Howard Taft | politically inept inheritor of the Roosevelt legacy who ended up allied to the reactionary Republican "Old Guard" | 39 | |
| 727402563 | Mann-Elkins Act (1910) | Act passed in 1910 that empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission for the first time to initiate rate changes, extended regulation to telephone and telegraph companies, and set up a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings. | 40 | |
| 727402564 | Federal income tax; Sixteenth Amendment | This amendment was ratified by the states in 1913 and it authorized the US govt to collect an income tax. (heavily supported by the Progressives, as in the beginning it only applied to the very wealthy.) | 41 | |
| 727402565 | Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) | Set of tariffs passed during William Howard Taft's administration that angered Progressives because they failed to reduce tariff rates significantly. | 42 | |
| 727402566 | Joseph Cannon | Speaker of the House who helped pass the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act | 43 | |
| 727402567 | Socialist Party of America | This political party formed in 1901 with a strong representation from immigrants and provided a political outlet for worker grievances, but fared poorly beyond a few local elections in industrial areas. | 44 | |
| 727402568 | Eugene V. Debs | He was the president and the organizer of the American Railway Union. He organized the Pullman Strike and helped organized the Social Democratic party. | 45 | |
| 727402569 | Bull Moose party | The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before. | 46 | |
| 727402570 | New Nationalism | In 1912, running on the Progressive party ticket, Theodore Roosevelt campaigned on a comprehensive progressive platform for economic and social legislation which he termed the New Nationalism. It called for expanding federal power to regulate big business and enacting social-justice legislation. | 47 | |
| 727402571 | New Freedom | In the 1912 presidential campaign, Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson argued for a "New Freedom" contending that the government could best serve the public interest and provide social justice by breaking up the trusts and restoring competition to the economy. | 48 | |
| 727402572 | Underwood Tariff (1913) | reform law lowered tariff rates and levied the first regular federal income tax. | 49 | |
| 727402573 | Federal Reserve Act (1914) | gave the United States a central banking system governed by a Federal Reserve Board, which controlled the rediscount rate and thus the money supply | 50 | |
| 727402574 | Federal Reserve Board | an independent agency of the federal government established in 1913 to regulate the nation's banking and financial industry | 51 | |
| 727402575 | Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) | strengthened existing antitrust laws. It outlawed interlocking directorates, exempted labor unions from antitrust laws, and limited the use of injunctions in labor disputes | 52 | |
| 727402576 | Federal Trade Commission | The FTC, created in 1914, replaced the Bureau of Corporations. This nonpartisan commission investigated and reported on corporate behavior, and was authorized to issue cease and desist orders against unfair trade practices | 53 | |
| 727402577 | Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) | Enacted in 1916 that set up twelve Federal Land Banks, under the control of a Federal Farm Loan Board, that offered farmers loans of five to forty years' duration at low interest rates. | 54 | |
| 727402578 | urban migration | African Americans steadily shifted toward the north between 1910 and 1930. Some reasons were (1) Deteriorating race relations, (2) Destruction of their cotton crops by the boll weevil, and (3) Job opportunities in nothern factories that opened up when white workers were drafted into WW I. | 55 | |
| 727402579 | Niagara Movement | an impatient response in 1905 to Booker T. Washington's advocacy of black accommodation to white prejudice. More militant blacks called for equal opportunity, equal justice, and an end to segregation. The Niagara Movement led to the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). | 56 | |
| 727402580 | Booker T. Washington | Washington was a former slave who founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881. He believed blacks could advance by their own efforts and white help, and by accommodating to white prejudice. Whites considered him a "reasonable" spokesman of black interests in America | 57 | |
| 727402581 | W.E.B. Du Bois | was America's foremost black intellectual at the turn of the twentieth century, and an outspoken leader of the black cause. He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's accommodationist posture and called upon blacks to insist on equal rights. He was a founder of the NAACP and editor of its journal, "The Crisis." | 58 | |
| 727402582 | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | This national interracial organization founded in 1910 was dedicated to restoring African-American political and social rights | 59 | |
| 727402583 | Nation Urban League | helped black migration movement from S to N. motto: "not Alms But Opportunities" emphasized self-reliance and econ. advancement | 60 | |
| 727402584 | Carrie Chapman Catt | president of NAWSA, who led the campaign for woman suffrage during Wilson's administration | 61 | |
| 727402585 | National American Woman Suffrage Association | The NWSA, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, was a progressive women's rights organization that campaigned for women's right to vote and the unionization of women workers | 62 | |
| 727402586 | Alice Paul | Paul was the dynamic radical feminist who led the Women's party's campaign for an equal-rights amendment to the Constitution in the 1920s | 63 | |
| 727402587 | National Woman's party | This political organization formed in 1916 campaigned aggressively first for women suffrage and thereafter for the Equal Rights Amendment, In 1967, the National Organization for Women (NOW) advocated an equal rights amendment (ERA) to the Constitution that would outlaw discrimination on the basis of sex. Congress proposed the amendment in 1972, but it was never ratified | 64 | |
| 727402588 | Nineteenth Amendment | granted women the right to vote in 1920 | 65 | |
| 727402589 | League of Women Voters | This group formed in 1920 from the National American Women Suffrage Association to encourage informed voting and social reforms | 66 | |
| 736466628 | goo goos | The goo-goos, or good government guys, were political groups founded in an era when urban municipal governments in the United States were dominated by public sector corruption. Goo-goos supported candidates who would fight for political reform. The term was first used in the 1890s by their detractors. | 67 |