BIO Ch. 44 Osmoregulation Flashcards

3865288376	what does osmoregulation do?	controls solute concentrations and balances water gain and loss	0
3865290982	what is the driving force for movement of solutes and water?	a concentration gradient of one or more solutes across the plasma membrane	1
3865292804	Osmolarity	the solute concentration of a solution	2
3865295167	what determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?	osmolarity	3
3880956018	Osmoconformers	isoosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity	4
3880958629	Osmoregulators	expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment	5
3880965868	Most marine invertebrates are	Osmoconformers	6
3880970777	Marine bony fishes are	hypoosmotic to seawater	7
3880973592	how do bony fishes, such as cod, balance being hypoosmotic with water loss?	drinking large amounts of seawater and eliminating ingested salts through their gills and kidneys by specialized chloride cells	8
3880984199	most animals are	Osmoregulators	9
3880992159	how do freshwater animals maintain water balance?	drinking almost no water and excreting large amounts of dilute urine	10
3881036973	how do terrestrial animals help prevent dehydration?	Body coverings	11
3881036974	how do land animals maintain water balance?	eating moist food and producing water metabolically through cellular respiration	12
3881036975	desert animal adaptations for saving water	simple anatomical features and behaviors such as a nocturnal lifestyle	13
3881040728	is osmoregulation active or passive?	active --> requires energy to maintain osmotic gradients	14
3881047606	what do excretory systems do?	regulate solute concentration between internal fluids and the external environment	15
3881056420	urine is produced by...?	refining a filtrate derived from body fluids	16
3881056421	Filtration	Filtering of body fluids	17
3881062144	secretion	Adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate	18
3881062145	excretion	Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes is released from the body	19
3881063908	selective reabsorption	excretory system choosing what materials to keep and what to excrete; keep valuable solutes	20
3881065894	urine fluid starts as...?	blood	21
3881084030	excretory organs of vertebrates	kidneys	22
3881088948	type of pressure involved with osmoregulation and excretion	hydrostatic pressure	23
3881097391	Kidney supplied with blood by ...?	renal artery	24
3881100159	2 regions of the mammal kidney	renal cortex and renal medulla	25
3881102400	nephron	functional unit of the kidney	26
3881105124	Each nephron made up of	a long tubule and ball of capillaries called the glomerulus	27
3881108429	Bowman's capsule	cup-shaped swelling called at the end of the kidney tubule	28
3881114963	what forces filtration?	blood pressure	29
3881119004	filtration starts as	fluid from the blood in the glomerulus goes into the lumen of Bowman's capsule	30
3881121969	collecting ducts in the nephron empty accumulated filtrate (waste) into	the renal pelvis, which is drained by the ureter	31
3881125251	Urine exits each kidney through	the ureter	32
3881128981	ureters drain into	the urinary bladder	33
3881182169	what manages the osmoregulatory functions of the mammalian kidney?	nervous and hormonal controls	34
3881188606	osmoregulatory function of the kidney contribute to...?	blood pressure and blood volume	35
3881193179	ADH	Antidiuretic hormone	36
3881198575	what monitors blood osmolarity and regulates release of ADH?	Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus	37
3881203818	ADH is released from...?	the posterior pituitary gland	38
3881209945	what does ADH released into the blood stream increase?	When osmolarity rises above its set point	39
3881214851	effect of increased ADH in blood stream	reduces urine volume and lowers blood osmolarity	40
3881218264	what does a diuretic do?	inhibits the release of ADH (resulting in increased urination)	41
3881223074	example of a diuretic?	alcohol	42
3881224926	Mutation in ADH production causes	severe dehydration and diabetes insipidus	43
3881259877	normal osmolarity of humans	300	44