Psychology Chapter 1 & 2 Test Flashcards
Paton's Psychology Southeastern University
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| 1198959181 | The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wihelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes using: (Quiz) | scientific methods | 0 | |
| 1198959182 | Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to: (Quiz) | Functionalism | 1 | |
| 1198959183 | Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's... (Quiz) | potential for healthy growth | 2 | |
| 1198959184 | Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of: (Quiz) | behavior and mental processes | 3 | |
| 1198959185 | Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight, appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires: (Quiz) | A biopsychosocial approach | 4 | |
| 1198959186 | Three attitudes of scientific inquiry are: (Quiz) | curiosity, skepticism, and humility | 5 | |
| 1198959187 | Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good looking, handsome men will be more successful than average looking men in getting a job. The professors prediction regarding employment success is an example of: (Quiz) | hypothesis | 6 | |
| 1198959188 | The biggest danger of relying on case study evidence is: (Quiz) | May be unrepresentative of what is generally true | 7 | |
| 1198959189 | Which research method would be appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of americans and their attitude toward abortion: (Quiz) | Survey | 8 | |
| 1198959190 | To assess reactions to a proposed tuition, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every 15th person in the registrars alphabetical listings of all currently enrolled students. Arianna is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using: (Quiz) | random sampling | 9 | |
| 1198959191 | To determine whether the strengths of people's self esteem is related to their income levels researchers would most likely make use of: (Quiz) | Correlational Research | 10 | |
| 1198959192 | Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause and effect relationships? (Quiz) | Experiment | 11 | |
| 1198959193 | In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable. (Quiz) | independent | 12 | |
| 1198959194 | An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a: (Quiz) | placebo | 13 | |
| 1198959195 | In a psychological experiment the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the ________ variable (Quiz) | Dependent | 14 | |
| 1198959196 | The cells that serve as the basic building blocks of the bodies information system are called: (Quiz) | neurons | 15 | |
| 1198959197 | An axon is: (Quiz) | the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body | 16 | |
| 1198959198 | One function of the glial cells is to: (Quiz) | provide nutrients to neurons | 17 | |
| 1198959199 | A synapse is a(n) (Quiz) | Junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron | 18 | |
| 1198959200 | An undersupply of serotonin is most likely linked to (Quiz) | depression | 19 | |
| 1198959201 | The 2 major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________ nervous system (Quiz) | Peripheral | 20 | |
| 1198959202 | The hypothalamus influences the ________ to send messages to the ___________ (Quiz) | Pituitary; endocrine glands | 21 | |
| 1198959203 | The amygdala consists of a motion linked neutral clusters in the: (Quiz) | Limbic System | 22 | |
| 1198959204 | The ocipical lobes are to ___________ as the temporal lobes are to ____________. (Quiz) | Seeing; Hearing | 23 | |
| 1198959205 | The capacity of a brain area to recognize in response to damage is known as brain __________. (Quiz) | plasticity | 24 | |
| 1198959206 | Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are __________, similar in neuroticism and ___________ similar in extroversion. (quiz) | less; less | 25 | |
| 1198959207 | The personalities of adopted children: (Quiz) | Are very similar to the personalities of the other children in their adoptive family | 26 | |
| 1198959208 | Environmental factors such as diet, drugs, or stress can alter gene expression by affecting: Quiz) | Epigenetic Molecules | 27 | |
| 1198959209 | Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of: (Quiz) | natural selection | 28 | |
| 1198959210 | According to the Evolutionary psychologists our predisposition to overconsume fatty junk foods illustrates that we are biologically prepared to behave in ways that promoted the: (Quiz) | reproductive success of our ancestors. | 29 | |
| 1198959211 | Wilhelm Wundt | • Added key elements to make psychology a science o Carefully measured observations o Experiments | 30 | |
| 1198959212 | Edward Tichener's Structuralism | •Edward Titchener: Used data from Introspection, reporting on sensations and other elements of experience •Structuralism: Using these introspective reports to build a view of the mind's structure | 31 | |
| 1198959213 | William James Functionalism | The school of thought that psychological processes have a function: helping us survive as a species, adapt as individuals | 32 | |
| 1198959214 | John Watson | Behavorist; Studied and experiment with observable behavior; Watson experimented with conditioned responses | 33 | |
| 1198959215 | BF Skinner | Behavorist; Studied the way consequences shape behavior. He saw little value in introspection. | 34 | |
| 1198959216 | Freud | founder of psychoanalysis; helped people with mental disorders | 35 | |
| 1198959217 | Maslow and Rogers | Humanists—help people feel accepted and reach their full potential; studied people that thrived | 36 | |
| 1198959218 | Text definition of psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes | 37 | |
| 1198959219 | Levels of analysis and a biopsychosocial approach | •Biological Influences (diet, sleep, eating habits, exercise, weather) •Psychological Influences (homesick, fear of failure, stress, things you learn, challenging classes, anticipation, expectations) •Socio-Cultural Influences (being far away from home, making friends, having a different cultural background, comparing yourself, new independence) | 38 | |
| 1198959220 | Overconfidence Error | •We overestimate our performance, out rate of work, our degree of self-control. •When stating that we "know" something, out level of accuracy is usually wrong | 39 | |
| 1198959221 | What are the three scientific attitudes? | Curiosity, skepticism, humilty | 40 | |
| 1198959222 | Curiosity | always asking new questions | 41 | |
| 1198959223 | Skepticism | not accepting a "fact" as true without challenging it; seeing if "facts" can withstand attempts to disprove them | 42 | |
| 1198959224 | Humility | refers to seeking the truth rather than trying to be right; a scientist needs to be able to accept being wrong | 43 | |
| 1198959225 | Case Study | Examining one individual in depth | 44 | |
| 1198959226 | Naturalistic Observation | just watching (and taking notes), and not trying to change anything. This method can be used to study more than one individual, and to find truths that apply to a broader population | 45 | |
| 1198959227 | Survey | a method of gathering information about many people's thoughts or behaviors through self-report rather than observation Keys to getting useful information: Only question randomly sampled people | 46 | |
| 1198959228 | Random Sampling | a technique for making sure that every individual in a population has an equal chance of being in your sample. "Random" means that your selection of participants is driven only by chance, not any characteristic. | 47 | |
| 1198959229 | Correlation | an observation that two traits or attributes are related to each other | 48 | |
| 1198959230 | Correlation Scientific Definition | a measure of how closely two factors vary together, or how well you can predict a change in one from observing a chance in the other | 49 | |
| 1198959231 | Correlation does not prove _______ | causation | 50 | |
| 1198959232 | Experimentation | manipulating one factor in a situation to determine its effect | 51 | |
| 1198959233 | Control Group | a group that is the same in every way except the one variable that gets changed | 52 | |
| 1198959234 | Independent variable | The variable we are able to manipulate independently of what the other variables are doing | 53 | |
| 1198959235 | Dependent Variable | The variable we expect to experience a change, which depends on the manipulation we're doing | 54 | |
| 1198959236 | Biological Psychology | explores the associations between the body, mind, and behavior | 55 | |
| 1198959237 | Neuron | nerve cell; the basic building blocks of the nervous system | 56 | |
| 1198959238 | Dendrites | receive messages from other cells | 57 | |
| 1198959239 | Axon | passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands | 58 | |
| 1198959240 | Terminal branches | Form junctions with other cells | 59 | |
| 1198959241 | Myelin Sheath | Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses | 60 | |
| 1198959242 | Glial cell | Provide nutrients to neurons | 61 | |
| 1198959243 | Action potential | A neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave | 62 | |
| 1198959244 | Synapse | A junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron | 63 | |
| 1198959245 | Neurotransmitters | chemicals used to send a signal across the synaptic gap | 64 | |
| 1198959246 | Acetycholine | Enables muscle action, learning, and memory | 65 | |
| 1198959247 | Dopamine | Influences movement, learning, attention and emotion | 66 | |
| 1198959248 | Serotonin | affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal | 67 | |
| 1198959249 | Endorphins | Endogenous morphine; linked to pain control and pleasure (runner's high) | 68 | |
| 1198959250 | Central Nervous System (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord, is the body's decision maker | 69 | |
| 1198959251 | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | gathers information from the body and sends CNS decisions out to the body | 70 | |
| 1198959252 | Sensory Neurons | carry messages IN from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to the CNS for processing | 71 | |
| 1198959253 | Motor Neurons | carry instructions OUT from the CNS out to the body's tissues | 72 | |
| 1198959254 | Interneurons | (in the brain and spinal cord) process information between the sensory input and motor output | 73 | |
| 1198959255 | Autonomic nervous system to include the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. | •Autonomic: Controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands •The sympathetic NS arouses "fight-or-flight" response •The parasympathetic NS calms (rest and digest) | 74 | |
| 1198959256 | Endocrine System to include adrenal glands | a set of glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones -inner part helps trigger the "flight-or-fight" response | 75 | |
| 1198959257 | Thalamus | the "sensory switchboard" or "router": All sensory messages, except smell, are routed through the thalamus on the way to the cortex. | 76 | |
| 1198959258 | Cerebellum | "little brain"; helps coordinate voluntary movement such as playing a sport and Has many other functions, including enabling nonverbal learning and memory. | 77 | |
| 1198959259 | Limbic system coordinates: | emotions such as fear and aggression; basic drives such as hunger and sex f | 78 | |
| 1198959260 | Amygdala "Almond shaped" | consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters; Helps process emotions, especially fear and aggression | 79 | |
| 1198959261 | The hippocampus "seahorse" | -Processes conscious, episodic memories -Works with the amygdala to form emotionally charged memories | 80 | |
| 1198959262 | The hypothalamus | -Regulates body temperature and ensures adequate food and water intake (homeostasis), and is involved in sex drive -Directs the endocrine system via messages to the pituitary gland | 81 | |
| 1198959263 | Olds and Milner Experiment | The rat ran across the electrified floor over 7000 times in 1 hour because it would trigger its hypothalamus which made the rat feel "good" and was like a rewards center. | 82 | |
| 1198959264 | Cerebral Cortex | Organized into 4 lobes in each of two hemispheres | 83 | |
| 1198959265 | Frontal Cortex | involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments | 84 | |
| 1198959266 | Pariteal Lobes | include sensory cortex | 85 | |
| 1198959267 | Occipital Lobes | include the visual areas; they receive visual information from the opposite visual field | 86 | |
| 1198959268 | Temporal Lobes | include the auditory processing areas | 87 | |
| 1198959269 | Motor Cortex | Output: Left hemisphere section controls the body's right side | 88 | |
| 1198959270 | Sensory Cortex | Input:Left hemisphere section receives input from the body's right side | 89 | |
| 1198959271 | Motor cortex and sensory cortex more info | • The sensory strip deals with information from touch stimuli. • The occipital lobe deals with visual information • Auditory information is sent to the temporal lobe. • The fMRI shows increased activity in the visual cortex when a person looks at a photograph. | 90 | |
| 1198959272 | Phineas Gage | In a work accident, a metal rod shot up through Phineas Gage's skull, destroying his eye and part of his frontal lobes. Damage to his frontal lobes hurt his ability to inhibit emotions and impulses. | 91 | |
| 1198959273 | Association Areas | Whole brain association activity involves complex activities which require communication among association areas across the brain such as: memory, language, attention, meditation and spirituality, consciousness | 92 | |
| 1198959274 | Brain Plasticity | If the brain is damaged, especially in the general association areas of the cortex... The brain does not repair damaged neurons, BUT it can restore some functions. It can form new connections, reorganize, and reassign brain areas to new functions. | 93 | |
| 1198959275 | Corpus Callosum | a band of axons connecting the hemispheres | 94 | |
| 1198959276 | Split Brain | each hemisphere perceives the half of the view in front of you that goes with the half of the body that is controlled by that hemisphere | 95 | |
| 1198959277 | Behavior Genetics | Study how heredity and environment contribute to human differences | 96 | |
| 1198959278 | Epigenetics | The study of how genes turn each other on and off in response to environmental conditions: The environment acts on the surface of genes to alter their activity | 97 |