Anatomy and Physiology - Cell Physiology Flashcards

2642866919	Endocytosis	the plasma membrane "traps" some extracellular material and brings it into the cell in a vesicle	0
2642875640	Phagocytosis	large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane and enter the cell in vesicles; the vesicles fuse with lysosomes, which digest the particles	1
2642878980	Receptor-mediated endocytosis	membrane receptor molecules recognize substances to be brought into the cell	2
2642894361	Exocytosis		3
2642907425	Vesicle-mediated (endocytosis, exocytosis)	move large volumes of substances at once, such as in secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters	4
2642911934	Catabolism	breaks large molecules into smaller ones; usually releases energy	5
2642913306	Anabolism	builds large molecules from smaller ones; usually consumes energy	6
2642932066	Enzymes	Enzymes are chemical catalysts that reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction - Enzymes regulate cell metabolism - end with "ase"	7
2642953708	Structure of Enzymes	- Proteins of a complex shape - Substrate molecule—the lock-and-key model	8
2643073488	Functions of Enzymes	Enzymes regulate cell functions by regulating metabolic pathways - Enzymes are specific in their actions	9
2643082370	allosteric effectors	affect enzyme action by changing the shape of the enzyme molecule	10
2643257827	What can change a protein/ enzyme	- Temperature - PH level - Ionizing radiation - Cofactors -	11
2643298523	Cellular respiration	the pathway by which glucose is broken down to yield its stored energy - Glycolysis - break down glucose - Citric acid cycle - KREBS cycle - Electron transport system	12
2643341679	Glycolysis	Pathway in which glucose is broken apart into two pyruvic acid molecules to yield a small amount of energy (which is transferred to adenosine triphosphate [ATP] and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NADH]) - Anaerobic	13
2643357288	Citric acid cycle		14
2643426732	Deoxyribonucleic acid	A double-helix polymer. Functions to transfer information, encoded in genes, to direct the synthesis of proteins	15
2643429582	Gene	a segment of a DNA molecule that consists of approximately 1000 pairs of nucleotides and contains the code for synthesizing one RNA molecule, which then may be translated into one polypeptide	16
2643431022	Ribonucleic acid	rRNA and tRNA, which are copies of a DNA gene but regulate processes rather than code for a polypeptide	17
2643512710	Non-coding	Introns	18
2643512735	Coding	exons	19
2643514803	Spliceosomes	ribosome-sized structures in the nucleus that splice mRNA transcripts	20
2643520190	Chaperone Molecules	Found in the cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus help polypeptides fold and then possibly combine into larger protein molecules or hybrid molecules	21
2643542307	Proteome	All the proteins synthesized by a cell make up the cell's proteome	22
2643546118	Cell growth	depends on using genetic information in DNA to make the structural and functional proteins needed for cell survival. a newly formed cell produces a variety of molecules and other structures necessary for growth by using the information contained in the genes of DNA molecules	23
2643549903	Cell reproduction	ensures that genetic information is passed from one generation to the next cells reproduce by splitting themselves into two smaller daughter cells	24
2642875641	Pinocytosis	fluid and the substances dissolved in it enter the cell	25
2646778092	What is Interphase?	The growth phase. Not a part of Mitosis	26
2646782881	What is the first stage of Mitosis?	Prophase	27
2646783762	What is the second stage of Mitosis?	Metaphase	28
2646784176	What is the third stage of Mitosis?	Anaphase	29
2646785108	What is the fourth stage of Mitosis?	Telophase	30
2646789366	DNA replication	Replication of the genome prepares the cell for reproduction; the mechanics are similar to RNA synthesis	31
2646820900	Cyclin-dependent kinases	activating enzymes that drive the cell through the phases of its life cycle	32
2646899621	Cyclins	regulatory proteins that control the CDKs and "shift" them to start the next phase	33