anatomy and Physiology chapter 2 Flashcards

883975590	chemistry	considers composition of substances and how they change; study of matter	0
883975591	biochemistry	branch of science dealing with chemistry of living organisms	1
883975592	matter	anything that has weight and takes up space; solid, liquid, gas	2
883975593	elements	fundamental substance made of atoms that are chemically identical; type of matter made of one type of atom	3
883975594	number of elements, natural, manmade	116 elements, 92 natural, 24 manmade	4
883975595	compounds	substances composed of 2 or more different atoms chemically bonded together	5
883975596	bulk atoms	basic atoms the human body needs in abundance	6
883975597	trace elements	basic elements the human body needs in small amounts	7
883975598	ultratrace elements	basic elements the human body needs in very small amounts	8
883975599	atoms	smallest complete unit of elements that has properties of that element	9
883975600	chemical bond	an attraction that binds 2+ atoms	10
883975601	nucleus	central portion of an atom	11
883975602	electron	negative particle that circles the atoms in 'shell(s)', each atom has at least 1	12
883975603	protron	positive particle inside the nucleus, has at least one	13
883975604	neutron	neutral particle that is inside the nucleus, has at least one	14
883975605	atomic number	number of protons found in an atom	15
883975606	atomic weight	combined weight of protons and neutron; electrons hardly have any weight	16
883975607	isotopes	atoms that have same protrons but different number of neutrons; can be stable or unstable which then breakdown to a more stable atom	17
883975608	major elements in human body	O(~65%), C (20), H(10)	18
883975609	how many elements found in human body	60-70	19
883975610	how many elements are completely necessary	25 different elements	20
883975611	molecule	when 2+ atoms form a bond	21
883975612	molecular formula	shorthand used to depict the type and amount of each element in a molecule ie C6H12O6	22
883975613	chemical bond	energy that holds atoms together	23
883975614	electron shell	1+ shell or spehere regions that circle an atom and where electrons reside , each shell can only hold a certain amount of electrons (2,8,8,16 etc)	24
883975615	ion	atoms that gain/ lose an electron and become charged; gain become negative, lose become positive	25
883975616	anion	ion that gains an electron and becomes negatively charged	26
883975617	cation	ions that loses an electron and becomes positively charged	27
883975618	ionic bond	(electrocovalent bond)a chemical bond in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another so that one bears a negative and the other a positive charge, the attraction between these opposite charges forming the bond.	28
883975619	covalent bond	a chemical bond between two atoms or radicals formed by the sharing of a pair (single bond), two pairs (double bond), or three pairs of electrons (triple bond).	29
883975620	hydrogen bond	a weak, primarily electrostatic, bond between a hydrogen atom bound to a highly electronegative element in a given molecule and a second highly electronegative atom in another molecule or elsewhere in the same molecule; it is usually represented by three dots, e.g., X—H···Y	30
883975621	ionic compound	ions held together by ionic bonding	31
883975622	polar	when atoms share electrons unevenly and develop charges at areas (water)	32
883975623	reactants	starting material in an reaction (atoms, ions, molecules)	33
883975624	products	atoms, ions, molecules at the end of an reactions	34
883975625	synthesis	when 2+ atoms, ions, molecules combine A + B -> AB	35
883975626	decomposition	when a molecules breaks down into 2+ atoms, ions, molecules AB -> A + B	36
883975627	exchange reactions	when two different molecules will exchange parts making new 2+ different molecules AB + CD -> AD + BC	37
883975628	reversible reaction	when a reaction can go both ways A + B <-> AB	38
883975629	catalyst	molecule that influences a reaction, not the direction, and are not consumed	39
883975630	electrolyte	substances that release ion in water	40
883975631	acid	electrolytes that release a positive hydrogen in water; strong ones give up their Hs easily weak does not	41
883975632	base	electrolytes that release a negative OH in water	42
883975633	salt	what forms when bases react with acids to form water and electrolytes; acids and bases neutralize each other	43
883975634	pH scale	measured by grams of hydrogen atoms per a liter 1x10(-7)g/L=pH 7	44
883975635	normal pH of blood	7.35-7.45	45
883975636	alkalosis	when the pH of blood is between 7.5-7.8; makes one feel agitated and dizzy; caused by breathing rapidly, too many antiacid, anxiety	46
883975637	acidosis	when the pH of blood is between 7.0-7.3; feels disoriented, fatigued, breathing becomes difficult; caused by severe vomiting, brain damage, lung/kidney disease, increased levels of CO2	47
883975638	metabolic acidosis	increase levels of positive hydrogens due to increase acid levels or decrease of bicarbonate	48
883975639	buffer	chemicals that resist pH changes; will ether take a hydrogen, donate a hydrogen bicarbonate, phosphate, amino acids	49
883975640	organic chemicals	contain C and H, many dissolve in organic solvents (alcohol) but not water	50
883975641	inorganic chemicals	molecules that don't have C and H joined together, usually dissolve in water, simple molecules; water, carbon dioxide, inorganic salts,	51
883975642	nonelectrolytes	molecules that dissolve in water but don't release ions	52
883975643	the 4 organic substances	Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, nucleic acid	53
883975644	carbohydrate	organic cmpd consisting of c,h,o is 3% of molecular weight made of sugar	54
896503824	monosaccharide	simple single sugar such as fructose, glucose, galactose containing 3-7 C	55
896503825	disaccharide	any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis double simple sugar has 12 C	56
896503826	polysaccharides	complex sugar, built from simple sugar	57
896503827	carbohydrate	used for cell structure, energy, reserved energy	58
896503828	Lipid	insoluble in water 40% of molecular weight made up of fatty acid	59
896503829	fatty acid	has carboxyl group chain of C atoms saturated and unsaturated	60
896503830	unsaturated fatty acid	fatty acid chain that has at least one double bonded carbon atom; causes kink in chain	61
896503831	saturated fatty acid	fatty acid chain that has no double bonded carbon atoms in its chain	62
896503832	triglyceride	when glycerol combines with three fatty acid chains each chain can be different number of atoms long with saturated and/or unsaturated bonds	63
896503833	phospholipid	glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group used in cell structures	64
896503834	steriods	complex lipid structure with 4 connected rings of carbon atoms used to make other chemicals, hormones	65
896503835	Proteins	any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells contains: C,H,O,N some S variety of fcts: structural, energy, enzymes, chemical messenger	66
896503836	amino acids	what are proteins made of (not elements)	67
896503837	the four levels of structure of proteins	primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary	68
896503838	primary structure of protein	sequence and number of amino acid	69
896731689	alkalosis	condition which one feels dizzy, agitated	70
896731690	acidosis	condition which one feels fatigued and breathing may become difficult	71
1094183948	monounsaturated fatty acid	chain of carbons that has one double bonded carbon atoms	72
1094183949	polyunsaturated fatty acid	chain of carbon atoms that has two or more double bonded carbon atoms	73
1094183950	secondary structure of protein	hydrogen bonds form coils, folds, or other shapes hyodrgoen bonds to oxygen or nitrogen	74
1094183951	tertiary structure of protein	hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds; attachments points farther apart than secondary	75
1094183952	the structures that determine a protein's function	primary, secondary, tertiary structure	76
1094183953	quaternary structure of protein	several proteins combine together	77
1094183954	essential amino acids we need in diet	isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threosine, tryptophon, valine	78
1094183955	nucleic acids	atoms include: C,H,O,N,P function: carry instructions in form of genes for cell	79
1094183956	nucleotides	building blocks for nucleic acids	80
1094183957	major types of nucleic acids	RNA and DNA	81
1094183958	nucleotide structure	5 carbon sugar ring, phosphate group, one of several nitrogen containing organic base	82
1094183959	RNA	ribose surage, one stranded nitrogen base	83
1094183960	DNA	deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, regulates cell activities	84