Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 3 Flashcards

Cell Structures and Their Functions

226452257	Cell	Basic living units of all organisms	0
226452258	Light Microscope(s)	Allows us to visualize the general features of a cell	1
226452259	Electron Microscope(s)	Used to study the fine structures of a cell Higher magnification than an light microscope	2
226452260	Scanning Electron Microscope(s)	Microscope that allows us to see the features of a cell's surface as well as the surfaces of internal structures	3
226452261	Transmission Electron Microscope(s)	Microscope that allows us to see "through" parts of a cell to help determine cell structure	4
226452262	Plasma Membrane	Forms the outer boundary of a cell Also called the cell membrane	5
226452263	Organelle(s)	Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions	6
226452264	Nucleus	Contains the genetic material of a cell Directs cell activity Centrally located	7
226452265	Cytoplasm	Located between the nucleus and the plasma membrane Contains many organelles	8
226452266	Structure and Function	The number and type of organelles within each cell type determines the cells specific _____ and _____	9
226531349	Cell Metabolism	The chemical reactions that occur within cells are referred to collectively as?	10
226531350	Heat	This by-product produced during cell metabolism helps to maintain body temperature	11
226531351	Communicate	Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals which allow them to?	12
226531352	Gamete(s)	Specialized cells of the body responsible for transmitting genetic information to the next generation	13
226531353	Main Functions of a Cell	Cell metabolism and energy use Synthesis of molecules Communication Reproduction and inheritance	14
226531354	Intracellular Substance(s)	Substances inside of the cell	15
226531355	Extracellular Substance(s)	Substances outside of the cell	16
226531356	Intercellular	Another name for extracellular substances Meaning "between cells"	17
226531357	Phospholipid(s) Cholesterol	Predominant lipids of the plasma membrane	18
226531358	Lipid Bilayer	Double layer of phospholipid molecules Forms a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell	19
226531359	Hydrophilic	Polar, phosphate-containing ends ("heads) of the phospholipid bilayer	20
226531360	Hydrophobic	Nonpolar, fatty acid ends ("tails") of the phospholipid bilayer	21
226531361	Fluid-Mosaic Model	Modern concept of the plasma membrane suggesting it is highly flexible and can change its shape and composition through time	22
226531362	Marker Molecules	Cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify one another or other molecules Allow immune cells to distinguish between self-cells and foreign cells	23
226531363	Glycoprotein(s)	Proteins with attached carbohydrates	24
226531364	Glycolipid(s)	Lipids with attached carbohydrates	25
226531365	Attachment Protein(s)	Allow cells to attach to other cells or to extracellular molecules Can also attach to intracellular molecules	26
226531366	Cadherin(s)	Proteins that attach cells to other cells	27
226531367	Integrin(s)	Proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules Also function in cellular communication	28
226531368	Transport Protein(s)	Extend from one surface of the plasma membrane to the other and move ions or molecules across the plasma membrane Include: Channel Proteins, Carrier Proteins, ATP-Powered Pumps	29
226531369	Membrane Channel(s)	Channel proteins form these, which are like small pores extending from one surface of the plasma membrane to the other	30
226531370	Receptor Protein(s)	Proteins or glycoproteins in the plasma membrane with an exposed receptor site on the outer cell surface which can attach to specific chemical signals	31
226531371	Enzymes	Protein catalysts which increase the rate of chemical reactions on either the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane	32
229176095	Selectively Permeable	Plasma membranes are this... allowing some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of a cell	33
229176096	Enzymes Glycogen Potassium Ions	3 Substances found at higher concentrations INTRACELLULARLY	34
229176097	Sodium Calcium Chlorine	3 Substances found at higher concentrations EXTRACELLULARLY	35
229176098	Diffusion Osmosis Mediated Transport Vesicular Transport	4 Methods ions and molecules use to cross the plasma membrane	36
229176099	Diffusion	The tendency for ions and molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a solution	37
229176100	Solution	Any mixture of liquids, gases, or solids in which substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundaries between the substances	38
229176101	Solute	In a solution, it is the substance that is dissolved	39
229176102	Solvent	In a solution, it is the substances that is doing the dissolving	40
229176103	Concentration Gradient	The concentration difference between two points divided by the distance between the two points	41
229176104	Down (or with)	Molecules are said to move this way with their concentration gradient	42
229176105	Equilibrium	Diffusion stops when molecules are uniformly distributed throughout a solution. This means that the solution has achieved what?	43
229176106	Rate of Diffusion	As the concentration gradient increases, so does this	44
229176107	Osmosis	The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane	45
229176108	Aquaporin(s)	Another name for water channels	46
229176109	Water Channel(s)	In some cells, rapid movement of water occurs through these	47
229176110	Osmotic Pressure	The force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane	48
229176111	Hydrostatic Pressure	Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid	49
229176112	Isosmotic	Solutions having the same concentration of solute particles and the same osmotic pressure	50
229176113	Hyperosmotic	A solution having a greater concentration of solute particles and osmotic pressure than another solution	51
229176114	Hyposmotic	A solution having a lower concentration of solute particles and osmotic pressure than another solution	52
229176115	Hypotonic	When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water Cell will SWELL in this solution	53
229176116	Hypertonic	When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water Cell will SHRINK in this solution	54
229176117	Lysis	Process in which a cell ruptures	55
229176118	Isotonic	When comparing two solutions, the solutions have the same concentration of solutes and the same concentration of water Cell will REMAIN UNCHANGED in this solution	56
229176119	Mediated Transport	The process by which transport proteins assist in the movement of ions and molecules across the plasma membrane	57
229176120	Specificity	This means that each transport protein moves only particular ions or molecules, but not others Example: Transport protein moves glucose, but not amino acids	58
229176121	Competition	This occurs when similar molecules or ions can be moved by a transport protein. The ion or molecule in the greater concentration, or for which the transport protein is MORE specific would be moved first	59
229176122	Saturation	The rate of movement across the membrane is limited by the number of available transport proteins Once the concentration of the substance is increased so that all transport proteins are in use, the rate of movement remains constant, even if the concentration continues to increase This means that the cell has reached this level	60
229176123	Channel Protein(s)	These proteins form membrane channels	61
229176124	Ion Channel(s)	Membrane channels that transport ions	62
229176125	Carrier Protein(s)	Membrane proteins that move ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other They have specific binding sites They change shape to move bound ions or molecules, then resume their original shape	63
229176126	Transporter(s)	Another name for carrier proteins	64
229176127	Uniport	Movement of ONE specific ion or molecule across the membrane	65
229176128	Symport	Movement of TWO or MORE different ions or molecules, in the SAME direction, across the plasma membrane	66
229176129	Antiport	Movement of TWO or MORE different ions or molecules, in DIFFERENT directions, across the plasma membrane	67
229176130	Facilitated Diffusion	When carrier proteins combine with substances and move them across the plasma membrane No ATP is used	68
229176131	ATP-Powered Pump(s)	Transport proteins that use energy derived from the breakdown of ATP to move specific ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other	69
229176132	ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate	70
229176133	Active Transport	The movement of ions or molecules by an ATP-powered pump	71
229176134	ADP	ATP breaks down to this substance	72
229176135	Sodium-Potassium Pump(s)	Pump that moves Na out of a cell and K into a cell Requires ATP	73
229176136	Secondary Active Transport	The concentration gradient established by active transport can provide enough energy to move a second substance by this method	74
229176137	Vesicular Transport	The movement of materials by vesicles into, out of, or within cells	75
229176138	Endocytosis	Vesicular transport INTO a cell	76
229176139	Exocytosis	Vesicular transport OUT of a cell	77
229176140	Phagocytosis	"Cell-eating" The elimination of harmful substances by macrophages	78
229176141	Pinocytosis	"Cell-drinking" The uptake of small droplets of extracellular fluid by the formation of small endocytic vesicles	79
229176142	Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis	When a specific molecule binds to its specific receptor BOTH the molecule and receptor are transported into the cell by this process	80
229176143	Hypercholesterolemia	Common genetic disorder Reduction or absence of LDL receptors on cell surfaces resulting in inadequate uptake of cholesterol Excess cholesterol accumulates in blood vessels, resulting in heart attack or stroke	81
229176144	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic Acid Mostly found within the nucleus (small amounts can also be found in the mitochondria)	82
229176145	Chromosome(s)	Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next	83
229176146	Histone(s)	Protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin	84
229176147	Chromatin(s)	Long strands of DNA found in the cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes	85
229176148	Chromatid(s)	Each chromosome consists of two of these	86
229176149	Centromere(s)	Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached	87
229176150	Kinetochore(s)	A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle	88
229176151	RNA	Ribonucleic Acid	89
229176152	Nucleoli	1 to 4 per nucleus Rounded, dense, well-defined nuclear bodies with no surrounding membrane	90
229176153	Cisternae	Interior spaces of sacs and tubules in the Endoplasmic Reticulum	91
229176154	Cristae	Inner membrane (folded) of the Mitochondria	92
229176155	Matrix	The space between the cristae of the Mitochondria	93
229176156	Spindle Fiber(s)	Microtubules that extend out in all directions fro the centrosome	94
229193331	Nucleotide(s)	DNA and RNA are made of these	95
229193332	Double-Stranded	DNA is this shape (resembles ladder)	96
229193333	Single-Stranded	RNA is this shape	97
229193334	Gene	All the "triplets" necessary to make a functional RNA molecule or protein	98
229193335	Messenger RNA	mRNA	99
229193336	Ribosomal RNA	rRNA	100
229193337	Transfer RNA	tRNA	101
229193338	mRNA	Copy of DNA sequence used to make proteins by means of translation	102
229193339	tRNA	Carries amino acids to the ribosomes to make proteins by means of translation	103
229193340	Transcription	The process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA	104
229193341	RNA Polymerase	Enzyme used to make mRNA	105
229193342	Posttranscriptional Processing	Process that modifies mRNA before it leaves the nucleus in the form of mRNA Removes introns Splices exons together	106
229193343	Exon(s)	Sequence of nucleotides on a gene that gets transcribed and translated	107
229193344	Intron(s)	Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein	108
229193345	Alternative Splicing	Process combining exons into mRNA Allows single gene to produce more than one specific protein	109
229193346	Genetic Code	Total information contained in mRNA	110
229193347	Codon(s)	Set of 3-nucleotide sequence found in mRNA	111
229193348	Start Codon	Specific codon that codes for the beginning of a protein Signals the beginning of translation AUG - Methionine	112
229193349	Stop Codon(s)	Specific codon that codes for the end of a protein Signals the end of translation UAA, UGA, or UAG	113
229193350	Translation	The synthesis of proteins in response to the codons of mRNA	114
229193351	Anticodon(s)	Set of 3-nucleotide sequence found in tRNA Complementary to mRNA	115
229193352	Polyribosome	Cluster of ribosomes attached to the mRNA	116
229193353	Posttranslational Processing	Process where modifications are made to proteins after they are produced	117
229193354	Ribosome(s)	Consist of rRNA and proteins Align the codons of mRNA and the anticodons of tRNA	118
229193355	Proprotein(s)	Longer proteins Before extra pieces of the molecule are cleaved off	119
229193356	Cell Division	The formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell	120
229193357	Gamete(s)	Sex cells	121
229193358	Egg Cell(s)	Female gamete	122
229193359	Sperm Cell(s)	Male gamete	123
229193360	Diploid Number	The normal number of chromosomes in a somatic cell is called its?	124
229193361	Haploid Number	The normal number of chromosomes in a gamete is called its?	125
229193362	Somatic Cell(s)	All cells of the body except sex cells are called these	126
229193363	46	Number of diploid chromosomes in a human	127
229193364	23	Number of haploid chromosomes in a human	128
229193365	XX (Chromosomes)	Female sex chromosomes	129
229193366	XY (Chromosomes)	Male sex chromosomes	130
229193367	Meiosis	Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms	131
229193368	Mitosis	Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes	132
229193369	Interphase	The period between cell divisions	133
229193370	Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase	4 Phases of Mitosis	134
229193371	Prophase	1st phase of mitosis (longest phase) Chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus	135
229193372	Metaphase	2nd phase of mitosis Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell	136
229193373	Anaphase	3rd phase of mitosis Chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle	137
229193374	Telophase	4th phase of mitosis Nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes	138
229193375	Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm during cell division	139
229193376	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cytokinesis	140
229193377	Differentiation	Process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions	141