Human Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 2 Flashcards

909634703	matter	anything that occupies space and has mass	0
924559577	mass	the actual amount of matter in an object; remains constant wherever the object is	1
924559578	solids	have definite shape and volume	2
924559579	liquids	have definite volume, but no definite shape; conform to the shape of the container	3
924559580	gases	have neither definite volume nor shape	4
909634704	energy	the capacity to do work or put matter into motion	5
909634705	kinetic energy	the energy of motion or movement	6
909634706	potential energy	stored or inactive energy	7
909634707	chemical energy	energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances	8
909634708	electrical energy	energy formed by the movement of charged particles across cell membranes	9
909634709	mechanical energy	the energy directly involved in moving matter	10
909634710	radiant (electromagnetic) energy	energy that travels in waves	11
909634711	element	a unique substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods; one of a limited number of unique varieties of matter that composes substances of all kinds	12
909634712	periodic table	a listing of the known elements that helps to explain the properties of each element that make it react as it does with other elements	13
909634713	atom	smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element	14
909634714	physical properties	those properties we can detect with our senses or measure	15
909634715	chemical properties	properties that pertain to the way atoms interact with other atoms	16
909634716	atomic symbol	the one- or two-letter symbol used to indicate an element	17
909634717	nucleus	contains protons and neutrons bound tightly together	18
909634718	proton	subatomic particle that bears a positive charge; located in the atomic nucleus	19
909634719	neutron	uncharged subatomic particle; found in the atomic nucleus	20
909634720	atomic mass unit	the total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus	21
909634721	electron	negatively charged subatomic particle; orbits the atom's nucleus	22
909634722	planetary model	simplified model of atomic structure	23
909634723	orbitals	regions around the nucleus of an atom in which the an electron or electron pair is likely to be found	24
909634724	orbital model	model of atomic structure useful for predicting the chemical behavior of atoms	25
909634725	atomic number	the number of protons in an atom	26
909634726	mass number	sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom	27
909634727	isotopes	different atomic forms of the same element, which vary only in the number of neutrons they contain	28
909634728	atomic weight	the average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element	29
909634729	radioisotope	isotope that exhibits radioactive behavior	30
909634730	molecule	particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds	31
909634731	compound	substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united	32
909634732	mixtures	substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed	33
909634733	solutions	homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids	34
909634734	homogeneous	the mixture has exactly the same composition or makeup throughout	35
909634735	solvent	the substance present in the greatest amount in a solution	36
909634736	solute	the substance that is dissolved in a solution	37
909634737	percent	parts per 100 parts of the solute in the total solution	38
909634738	molarity	moles per liter of solution	39
909634739	mole	the atomic weight or molecular weight of any element measured in grams	40
909634740	molecular weight	sum of the atomic weights	41
909634741	Avogadro's number	the number of molecules in one mole of any substance, 6.02 × 10^23	42
909634742	colloid	a mixture in which the solute particles do not settle out readily	43
924559581	heterogeneous	composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture	44
909634743	sol-gel transformation	reversible change of a colloid from a fluid to a more solid state	45
909634744	suspensions	heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out	46
909634745	chemical bond	an energy relationship holding atoms together; involves the interaction of electrons	47
909634746	electron shells (energy levels)	regions of space that consecutively surround the nucleus of an atom	48
909634748	valence shell	outermost electron shell of an atom that contains electrons	49
909634749	octet rule (rule of eights)	the tendency of atoms to interact in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell	50
909634750	ion	atom with a positive or negative electric charge	51
909634751	ionic bond	chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms	52
909634752	anion	an ion carrying one or more negative charges and therefore attracted to a positive pole; gains one or more electrons; electron aceptor	53
909634753	cation	an ion with a positive charge; loses electrons; electron donor	54
909634754	crystals	large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds	55
909634755	covalent bond	chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms	56
909634756	nonpolar molecules	electrically balanced molecules	57
909634757	polar molecules (dipoles)	nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms	58
909634758	electronegativity	the ability to attract electrons very strongly	59
909634759	electropositive	electron-attracting ability is so low, valence shell electrons are usually lost to other atoms	60
909634761	chemical reaction	process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down	61
909634762	reactant	a substance taking part in a chemical reaction	62
909634763	product	the substance formed in a chemical reaction	63
909634764	molecular formula	a formula giving the number of atoms in each of the elements present in one molecule of a specific compound	64
909634765	synthesis (combination) reaction	a chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones	65
909634766	anabolic	the build-up of simpler substances to combine to form more complex substances	66
909634767	decomposition reaction	chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms	67
909634768	catabolic	the break-down of substances into simpler substances	68
909634769	exchange (displacement) reaction	chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms become combined with different atoms	69
909634770	oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction	a reaction that couples the oxidation of one substance with the reduction of another substance	70
909634771	oxidized	reactant loses electrons; electron donor	71
909634772	reduced	reactant takes up transferred electrons; electron acceptor	72
909634773	exergonic reaction	chemical reaction the releases energy	73
909634774	endergonic reaction	chemical reaction that absorbs energy	74
909634775	chemical equilibrium	a state of apparent repose created by two reactions proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed	75
909634776	catalyst	substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself becoming chemically changed or part of the product	76
925545464	biochemistry	the study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter	77
909634777	organic compound	any compound composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent bonds	78
909634778	inorganic compound	chemical substances that do not contain carbon	79
909634779	universal solvent	water is an unparalleled solvent	80
909634780	hydration layers	layers of water molecules around large charged molecules	81
909634781	hydrolysis reaction	adding a water molecule to each bond to be broken	82
909634782	dehydration synthesis	process by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together	83
909634783	salt	an ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-	84
909634784	electrolytes	chemical substances that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current	85
909634785	acid	a substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution; a proton donor	86
909634786	hydrogen ions (H+) ions	a hydrogen atom minus its electron and therefore carrying a positive charge	87
909634787	proton donor	a substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; an acid	88
909634788	base	a substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor	89
909634789	proton acceptor	a substance that takes up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; a base	90
909634790	hydroxyl ion (OH-)	an ion liberated when a hydroxide is dissolved in water	91
909634791	bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)	an important base in the body that is particularly abundant in blood	92
909634792	ammonia (NH3)	common waste product of protein breakdown in the body; a proton acceptor/base	93
909634793	pH unit	the measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution	94
909634794	neutralization reaction	displacement reaction in which mixing an acid and a base forms water and a salt	95
909634795	buffer	chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions	96
909634796	strong acid	acid that dissociates completely and irreversibly in water	97
909634797	weak acid	acid that does not dissociate completely in water	98
909634798	strong base	base that dissociates easily in water	99
909634799	weak base	base that ionizes incompletely and irreversibly	100
909634800	carbonic acid-bicarbonate system	chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood	101
909634801	electroneutral	never loses or gains electron, always shares them	102
909634802	polymer	a substance of high molecular weight with long, chainlike molecules consisting of many similar units	103
909634803	monomer	similar units that make up polymers	104
909634804	carbohydrate	organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen	105
909634805	monosaccharide	building block of carbohydrates; single-chain or single-ring structures containing from three to seven carbon atoms	106
909634806	isomer	one of two or more substances that has the same molecular formula but with its atoms arranged differently	107
909634807	disaccharide	double sugar; formed when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis	108
909634808	sucrose	glucose + fructose	109
909634809	lactose	glucose + galactose	110
909634810	maltose	glucose + glucose	111
909634811	polysaccharide	a polymer of linked monosaccharides	112
909634812	lipid	organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen	113
909634813	triglycerides (neutral fats)	fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol	114
909634814	fatty acids	linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end	115
909634815	glycerol	A modified simple sugar; a building block of fats	116
909634816	saturated fat	fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms	117
909634817	unsaturated fat	fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms	118
909634818	monounsaturated fat	fatty acids that contain one double bond between carbon atoms	119
909634819	polyunsaturated fat	fatty acids that contain multiple double bonds between carbon atoms	120
909634820	trans fat	oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of carbon double bonds	121
909634822	phospholipid	modified lipid that contains phosphorus	122
909634823	steroid	group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen	123
909634824	eicosanoids	diverse lipids chiefly derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes	124
909634825	protein	organic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen	125
909634826	amino acid	organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building block of protein	126
909634827	peptide bond	bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule	127
909634828	macromolecules	Large, complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 subunits	128
909634829	alpha helix	the most common type of secondary structure of the amino acid chain in proteins; resembles the coils of a telephone cord	129
909634831	fibrous (structural) proteins	consist of extended, strandlike polypeptide chains forming a strong, ropelike structure that is linear, insoluble in water, and very stable	130
909634833	globular (functional) proteins	compact, spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure	131
909634835	denatured	hydrogen bonds begin to break when the pH drops or the temperature rises above normal levels, causing proteins to unfold and lose their specific three-dimensional shape	132
909634836	active site	region on the surface of a functional (globular) protein where it binds and interacts chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge	133
909634837	molecular chaperones	a class of unrelated globular proteins that help proteins to achieve their functional three dimensional structure	134
909634838	enzyme	a protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction	135
909634839	holoenzyme	the functional enzyme consisting of the apoenzyme and the cofactor	136
909634840	apoenzyme	the protein portion of an enzyme	137
909634841	cofactor	metal ion or organic molecule that is required for enzyme activity	138
909634842	coenzyme	nonprotein substance associated with and activating an enzyme	139
909634843	substrate	a reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed	140
909634844	activation energy	the amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level necessary for action	141
909634845	nucleic acid	class of organic molecules that includes DNA and RNA	142
909634846	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	a nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism's hereditary information	143
909634847	ribonucleic acid (RNA)	nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, and U; carries out instructions for protein synthesis	144
909634848	nucleotide	building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group	145
909634849	adenine (A)	one of the two major purines found in both RNA and DNA; also found in various free nucleotides of importance to the body, such as ATP	146
909634850	guanine (G)	one of two major purines occurring in all nucleic acids	147
909634851	cytosine (C)	nitrogen-containing base that is part of a nucleotide structure	148
909634852	thymine (T)	single-ring base (a pyrimidine) in DNA	149
909634853	uracil (U)	a smaller, single-ring base (a pyrimidine) found in RNA	150
909634854	double helix	the secondary structure assumed by two strands of DNA, held together throughout their length by hydrogen bonds between bases on opposite strands	151
909634855	complementary base	refers to how a given nitrogenous base of DNA or RNA bonds to another nitrogenous base	152
909634856	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells	153