Experience Psychology - Chapter 7 Flashcards

2243059451	cognition	the way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing	0
2243064740	artificial intelligence	scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence	1
2243069238	thinking	the process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively.	2
2243072586	concept	a mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics. helps memory	3
2243075834	prototype model	a model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item in that category	4
2243080140	problem solving	the mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available	5
2243084487	subgoaling	setting intermediate goals or defining intermediate problems in order to be in a better position for reaching a final goal or solution	6
2243087170	algorithms	strategies that guarantee solutions to a problem	7
2243088634	heuristics	shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer	8
2243092592	fixation	using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a new perspective	9
2243094267	functional fixedness	failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a thing's usual functions	10
2243097254	thinking outside the box	exploring novel ways of approaching tasks and finding solutions.	11
2243100212	reasoning	the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions	12
2243103954	inductive reasoning	reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations	13
2243107085	deductive reasoning	reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance	14
2243109472	decision making	the mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them	15
2243113502	confirmation bias	tendency to search for and use information that supports rather than refutes ideas (ex. a politician accepts news that supports his views and dismisses evidence to the contrary)	16
2243117792	base rate fallacy	tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information (ex. you read favorable expert report on product but don't buy it when a friend tells you about a bad experience)	17
2243125575	hindsight bias	tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one accurately predicted an outcome (ex. you read about the results of a study and say "I knew that" when you had no clue)	18
2243132726	Representativeness Heuristic	tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or stereotypes of a group rather than base rate info (ex. picking the dirtiest and most disheveled individual in a police line-up because they "look like" criminals)	19
2243143941	availability heuristic	prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events (a child wants to be a doctor even though no one in family went to college, mother suggests aiming lower)	20
2243152661	mindfulness	the state of being alert and mentally present for one's every day activities	21
2243155754	open mindedness	the state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things	22
2243160236	creativity	the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems	23
2243161682	convergent thinking	thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem	24
2243163136	divergent thinking	thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem	25
2243166005	intelligence	all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience	26
2243168140	validity	the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure	27
2243169733	reliability	the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance	28
2243173359	standardization	the development of uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and the creation of norms for the test	29
2243178667	mental age	an individual level of mental development relative to that of others	30
2243180280	intelligence quotent (IQ)	an individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100	31
2243186816	normal distribution	a symmetrical, bell shaped curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range	32
2243195111	culture-fair tests	intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased	33
2243197654	heritability	the proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members	34
2243203649	Flynn Effect	The effect of education on intelligence	35
2243285224	Gifted	Possessing high intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent in a particular area	36
2243290946	intellectual disability	a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ usually below a 70, has difficulty adapting to everyday life	37
2243303808	analytical intelligence	the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast	38
2243305000	creative intelligence	the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine	39
2243307177	practical intelligence	the ability to use, apply, implement and put ideas into practice	40
2243312042	triarchic theory of intelligence	Sternberg's theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical	41
2243316821	verbal intelligence	type of intelligence which uses ability to think in words and language to express meaning (Example: author, journalist, speaker)	42
2243321872	mathematical intelligence	type of intelligence which uses ability to carry out mathematical operations (Example: scientist, engineer, accountant)	43
2243325147	spatial intelligence	type of intelligence which uses ability to think three dimensionally (Example: architect, artist, sailor)	44
2243329235	bodily-kinesthetic intelligence	type of intelligence which uses ability to manipulate objects and to be physically adept (Example: surgeon, craftsperson, dancer, athlete)	45
2243332180	musical intelligence	type of intelligence which uses ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone (Example: composer, musician)	46
2243335766	interpersonal intelligence	type of intelligence which uses ability to understand and interact effectively with others (Example: teacher, mental health professional)	47
2243340828	Intrapersonal Intelligence	type of intelligence which uses ability to understand oneself. (Example: theologian, psychologist)	48
2243344702	naturalist intelligence	type of intelligence which uses ability to observe patterns in nature and understand human made systems (Example: farmer, botanist, ecologist, landscaper)	49
2243349842	Existentialist Intelligence	type of intelligence which uses ability to grapple with big questions of human existence, such as the meaning of life and death (Example: philosopher)	50
2243354527	Language	form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed that is based on a system of symbols	51
2243356519	infinite gesturing	the ability of language to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences	52
2243358600	phonology	a language's sound system.	53
2243360752	morphology	a languages rules for word formation	54
2243363064	morpheme	the smallest unit of language that carries meaning	55
2243364646	syntax	a language's rules for combinig words to form acceptable phrases and sentences	56
2243366899	semantics	the meaning of words and sentences in a particular language	57
2243368065	pragmatics	the useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said	58
2243378541	babbling	endlessly repeating sounds and syllables determined by biological readiness, not by the amount of reinforcement	59
2243437535	cultural-familial intellectual disability	a mental deficit in which no evidence of organic brain damage can be found	60
2245970941	controlled system	involves conscious reflection about an issue; slower, effortful, and analytical	61