AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 7: Theories of personality, motivation, & emotion Flashcards

3535205217	James-Lange Theory	Stimulus--> physical arousal--> label emotional experience	0
3535212576	Cannon-Bard theory	Stimulus--> arousal OR --> emotion	1
3535223502	Schachter Two-factor theory	Stimulus--> physical arousal--> cognitive thinking--> emotion	2
3535236764	Lazarus' Cognitive Appraisal Theory	Event--> cognitive appraisal--> physiological response--> emotion	3
3535242766	Spillover Effect	when one's experience of one emotion affects perceptions/reactions to other events	4
3535255170	Zajonc's low/high road to emotion	-Some emotions take the "low road" that bypass the cortex & go straight to the amygdala -Other emotions take the "high road" of the cortex for analysis	5
3535272129	Yerkes-Dodson law	the idea that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal to a point, but then decreases if arousal increases past that point, creating U-shaped curve	6
3535294995	Automatic NS & emotions	mobilizes your body for action, directing adrenal glands to release stress hormones	7
3535307832	Physiological similarities & differences among emotions	Similarities= Fear/anger/sexual aroused--> different emotions do not have sharply distinct biological signatures-->broad emotional portfolio Differences=stimulate different muscles, differ in brain circuits. Positive emotions occur on left brain	8
3535334059	Polygraph	machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion. Not accurate due to deception	9
3535352152	Detecting emotion	Anger and threats are easily detectable emotions	10
3535371407	gender and emotions	women possess greater emotional awareness	11
3535382053	Culture & emotional expression	gestures vary among cultures, facial expressions are viewed the same. musical emotion stays the same. Each culture differs in how much emotion they show	12
3535397492	Facial feedback hypothesis	tendency of facial muscles trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness	13
3535408396	Elkman's basic emotions	disgust, anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise	14
3535415445	Catharsis & anger	emotional release, relieves aggressive urges	15
3535422718	Feel-good do-good phenomenon	people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood	16
3535431078	Adaption-level phenomenon	tendency to form judgments relative to a "neutral" level--> level of income, intensity of emotion	17
3535448703	Relative deprivation	perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself	18
3535455855	Stressor	stimulus that causes stress	19
3535464410	General Adaptation syndrome (GAS)	3 phases of body's response to stress 1. Alarm 2. resistance 3. Exhaustion	20
3535477834	Psychophysiological illnesses	"mind-body" illness--> stress-related physical illness such as hypertension or headaches	21
3535505832	Instinct theory	focuses on generally predisposed behaviors	22
3535512425	Drive-reduction theory	focuses on how our inner pushes and external pulls interact	23
3535526473	Optimum arousal theory	focuses on finding the right level of stimulation	24
3535534759	Maslow's hierarchy of needs	describes how some of our needs take priority over others	25
3535558035	Cognitive (Incentive) theory	differences in behavior from one person to another or from one situation to another can be traced to the incentives available and the value a person places on those incentives at the time	26
3535567383	Intrinsic motivation	motivated for internal pleasure, self-enjoyment	27
3535578266	Extrinsic motivation	motivated for external rewards	28
3535581198	Overjustification effect	less likely that a task will be done intrinsically when an extrinsic reward is no longer given	29
3535596991	Management theory (X&Y)	Theory X=managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment(extrinsically motivated) Theory Y=managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive(intrinsically motivated)	30
3535634180	Approach-approach conflict	two desirable but conflicting choices	31
3535641807	Approach-avoidance conflict	one choice has both attractive & unattractive features	32
3535647068	Avoidance-avoidance conflict	choosing between two undesirable choices	33
3535659369	Multiple approach-avoidance conflict	choosing between one option that has positives and negatives, and another that has other positive & negative features	34
3535672628	Insulin	hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose	35
3535681464	Leptin, orexin, ghrelin, PYY	leptin=protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger Orexin=hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus Ghrelin=hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry signals to the brain. PYY=digestive track hormones;sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain	36
3535720205	Lateral Hypothalamus	tells us we are hungry, causes secretion of ghrelin	37
3535730465	Ventromedial hypothalamus	tells us we are full, causes secretion of PYY	38
3535739374	Set point theory	stable weight to which your body wants to return	39
3535753307	Basic metabolic rate	rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when body is at rest	40
3535763764	Ecology of eating	-our environments influence our eating -Variety of foods 4-3	41
3535769153	Unit bias	size of food portions affect how much we eat	42
3535778420	Anorexia nervosa	normal weight, obsessed with losing weight, diet becomes significantly underweight	43
3535784548	Bulimia nervosa	episodes of binging vs episodes of purging	44
3535795934	Binge-eating disorder	significant binge-eating episodes with large amounts of food followed by remorse/guilt. NOT purging, fasting, exercise	45
3535816957	Biopsychosocial model & eating behavior	biological influences=hypothalamic centers, appetite, hormones, stomach pangs, set point, attraction to tastes Psychological influences=sight/smell of food, variety of foods, time elapsed since last food, stress/mood, food unit size Social-cultural influences=culturally learned taste preferences, responses to cultural preferences for appearance	46
3535869818	Psychoanalysis	set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, created by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud	47
3535880430	Preconscious mind	memories, stored knowledge	48
3535893773	Unconscious mind	needs, urges, fears, wishes, desires,	49
3535903734	Conscious mind	thoughts & perceptions	50
3535907915	Freudian slip	an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings.	51
3535915142	Psychosexual stages	oral-mouth Anal-bowl/bladder, coping with control Phallic-genitals, oedipus/electra complexes Latent-dormant sexual feelings Genital-maturation of sexual interests	52
3535937983	Fixation	lingering focus of pleasure, seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved	53
3535947143	Identification	progress by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing super egos	54
3535963177	Id	unconscious energy, seeking of immediate gratification of instinctive needs or wants	55
3535979032	Ego	mostly conscious; makes peace between Id and superego	56
3535985184	Superego	internalized ideals	57
3535993663	Regression	returning to an earlier, more comforting form of behavior	58
3535997310	repression	pushing thoughts out of conscious awareness	59
3536003610	Rationalization	unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations instead of real reasons for action or event	60
3536014079	Reaction formation	expressing the opposite of how one truly feels, often exaggeratedly	61
3536019561	Displacement	redirecting one's impulses toward another person or object	62
3536025883	Projection	disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others--> hypocrites	63
3536035374	Sublimation	channeling one's impulses toward a different, more positive & acceptable goal or behavior	64
3536043406	Denial	rejecting the ego-threatening truth	65
3536052803	Alfred Adler & inferiority complex	childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation	66
3536065387	Karen Horney	disagreed with freud over childhood anxiety, yes that childhood anxiety triggered our desire for love/security, she balances freuds masculine psychology	67
3536119438	Collective unconscious	concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history	68
3536135480	Objective tests	tests with right or wrong answers	69
3536141189	Subjective tests	personality tests, provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics	70
3536160860	Thematic Apperception test (TAT)	projection test in which peole express their inner feelings/interests thru the stories they made up about ambiguous scenes	71
3536175659	Rorschach Inkblot test	most widely used projective test, set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots	72
3536192196	Terror management theory	theory of death-related anxiety: explores people's emotional/behavioral responses to remind of their impending death	73
3536214126	Gordon Allport	pioneer of research in personality, helped develop "trait" theory	74
3536232044	Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI)	test that sorts people from personality types	75
3538258761	Hans Eysenck's dimensions	believed that we can reduce many of our individual variations to 2 or 3 dimensions-->extraversion/intraversion and emotional stability/instability	76
3538325571	Big Five personality Factors (C.A.N.O.E.)	Conscientious-organized, careful, disciplined Agreeableness-soft-hearted, trusting, helpful Neuroticism- anxious, insecure, self-pitying Openness- imaginative, prefers variety, independent Extraversion- sociable, fun-loving, affectionate	77
3538366387	Minnesota Multiphasic Personal Inventory (MMPI)	a test consisting of hundreds of true-false questions, used as a diagnostic tool	78
3538385530	Person-situation controversy	look for genuine personality traits that persist overtime and across situations	79
3538411495	Carl Rogers's person centered perspective	must meet 3 conditions for a growth-promoting climate 1. Genuiness 2. Acceptance 3. Empathy	80
3538428239	Unconditional positive regard	we feel love/acceptance despite flaws and mistakes	81
3538440448	Self Concept	How you see yourself	82
3538454678	Albert Bandura & social cognitive perspective	personality is interaction of our personal factors, environment, learn behaviors through conditioning/observation. What we THINK about our situation affects our behavior	83
3538483412	Reciprocal Determinism	our personality influences our choices, we influence our environments and our environments influence us	84
3538505774	External v. Internal locus of control	external--> others control destiny Internal--> you control your own destiny	85
3538512776	Learned helplessness	no matter how hard I try, I will never improve	86
3538519744	Positive Psychology	study of strengths than enable us to thrive	87
3538532469	Spotlight effect	the phenomenon in which people tend to believe they are noticed more than they really are.	88
3538546302	Self Esteem	how you feel about yourself, reflects attitudes	89
3538562497	Individualism	Independent, defines individuals behaviors and attitudes	90
3538574626	Collectivism	Identity from belonging	91
3538579292	Type A vs. Type B	Type A--> focused, competitive, intense, cold Type B--> relaxed, laid back, warm	92