Bio Ch 19 Viruses Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 3413496231 | Enveloped Virus | generally escape from the host cell by budding. Because of this, the viral envelope is often derived from the host cell's plasma membrane -phospholipid membrane outside the capsid | 0 | |
| 3413496232 | Nonenveloped Virus | typically exit the host cell by bursting through the plasma membrane -lack phospholipid membrane | 1 | |
| 3413498261 | HIV | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that contains two copies of single-stranded RNA genome and two copies of reverse transcriptase. The HIV viral envelope facilitates binding to a white blood cell. After HIV enters the cell, the reverse transcriptase synthesizes viral DNA from viral RNA. | 2 | |
| 3413582580 | Provirus | Viral DNA that has become part of the host's genome | 3 | |
| 3413610361 | Vaccines | -most effective in treating infections -Function: stimulate the immune system to defend against the potential pathogen | 4 | |
| 3417162810 | Who is susceptible to viral infections? | Anything that is capable of replicating itself aka EVERYTHING | 5 | |
| 3417175294 | First virus ever discovered | tobacco mosaic virus -late 1800s - 1935 Stanley confirmed virus thru crystallization | 6 | |
| 3417180312 | bacterophage | infect bacteria | 7 | |
| 3417188978 | How are viruses classified? | capsid shape, envelope presence, nuceic acid (either RNA or DNA, double or single stranded), how they reproduce | 8 | |
| 3417356814 | Capsid vs envelope | All viruses have capsid Not all have envelope envelope- outer most layer of protein | 9 | |
| 3417362436 | Capsid | protective shell made of proteins (capsomeres) *determines shape of virus 3 types: helical > rod-shaped isosahedral > complex (doesn't fit other categories) | 10 | |
| 3417390459 | Envelope | -not all viruses have this -composed of lipid (from prior host) and proteins | 11 | |
| 3435001212 | What defines the virus in terms of the genome | only has genes that help invade and regulate metabolic activity of the host cells note: viruses can't generate their own energy | 12 | |
| 3435073831 | Why do single stranded RNA viruses mutate easily? | There is nothing to check their replication so if theere is a mistake there is no way to check it | 13 | |
| 3435083149 | Virus Replication Cycle | Absorption, Penetration, Uncoating (releases genome into cell), Synthesis , Assembly, Release | 14 | |
| 3435113621 | Animal Replication Cycle | Absorption, Synthesis 1, Synthesis 2, Assembly &Release | 15 | |
| 3435125751 | The host range of a virus is determined by: | the proteins on its surface and that of the host | 16 | |
| 3435151606 | Animal Cell Retrovirus replication cycle | 17 | ||
| 3435153039 | Bacteriophages | Bacterial viruses | 18 | |
| 3435170079 | Lytic Cycle (Virulent phage) | -DNA replicated and bacterium killed -single bacterial cell produces hundreds of viruses - | 19 | |
| 3435175014 | Lysogenic Cycle (Prophage) | -Viral DNA inserted into host DNA -bacterium survives and viral DNA copied when bacterium divides -stress can change the cell into the lytic cycle | 20 | |
| 3435214421 | What is the term of a bacteriophage that has become integrated into the host cell chromosome? | Prophage | 21 | |
| 3435224409 | What is the biggest difference between enveloped and naked virus in the stages of replication in animals? | Release | 22 | |
| 3435244210 | What stage of animal viral replication cycle differs the most between DNA and RNA viruses? | Synthesis | 23 | |
| 3435251802 | Important Viral Diseases in Humans | AIDS/HIV, chickepox, influenza, meales, Hepatitis, Herpes, Mumps, Pneumonis, Rabies, Yellow Fever, Polio, Ebola, Small pox -when viruses infect the host cell their capsules may be poisonous to host | 24 | |
| 3435265615 | What happened in 1918? | Pandemic influenza virus -deadliest in human history -40 million died worldwide -variablity and mutations make it difficult to treat -Hemagglutinin -Neuraminidase | 25 | |
| 3435296829 | Emerging Virus | high rate of mutation previously nonpathogenic virus becomes bad HIV in 1980s West Nile 1999 | 26 | |
| 3435314546 | AIDS/HIV | -spread by fluids & intimate contact -targets immune system cells | 27 | |
| 3435332484 | Prions | -protein particle with no nucleic acid or capsid - can be in body for a long time (long latency period) | 28 | |
| 3443748153 | Virus Living or nonliving? | -infectious particle consisting of genes and protein coat -nonliving because cannot reproduce (more like "borrowed life") | 29 | |
| 3553942889 | Viral envelopes | -derived from membrane of host cell | 30 | |
| 3553952187 | host range of a virus | -limited number of host cells that a particular virus can infect | 31 | |
| 3553983592 | virulent phage | phage that replicates only by lytic cycle | 32 | |
| 3553988845 | restriction enzymes | -activity restricts phage from replicating within bacterium -marks the cell as foreign and cuts it up | 33 | |
| 3554012230 | lysogenic cycle | -phage replicates inside the cell without destroying it -viral DNA incorporated into host DNA | 34 | |
| 3554024958 | temperate phages | phages that use the lytic and lysogenic cycles for replication | 35 | |
| 3554041307 | prophage | viral DNA that is integrated into host bacterium DNA & ejected from host DNA when enter lytic cycle | 36 | |
| 3554091460 | retroviruses | -reverse transcriptase -HIV & AIDS | 37 | |
| 3554097039 | reverse transcriptase | enzyme that transcribes RNA template into DNA | 38 | |
| 3554117382 | HIV | -enveloped virus with single-stranded RNA and reverse transcriptase -viral DNA inserted into host cell | 39 | |
| 3554134036 | provirus | -viral DNA integrated into host DNA that never leaves host genome | 40 | |
| 3554476188 | epidemic | widespread outbreak | 41 | |
| 3554478006 | pandemic | global epidemic | 42 | |
| 3554487492 | viroids | -infectious nucleic acid -circular RNA strands that infect plants -do not encode proteins -affect plant growth (sx: stunted growth) | 43 | |
| 3554504333 | prions | -infectious proteins with very long incubation period -infect animals -ex: scrapie, mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease | 44 |