Campbell Biology Ch 29/30 Flashcards

3924923141	Charophytes	Green Algae, the closest relatives of land plants	0
3924937644	Charophytes and Land Plants	Both are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic and have cell walls	1
3924951956	Land Plants Share These Three Traits with Only Charophytes	1- Rings of cellulose-sythesizing proteins 2- Structure of Flagellated sperm 3- Formation of a phragmoplast ( Land Plants are not a descent of modern Charophytes, they share a common anestor)	2
3924989619	Embryophytes	Land plants with embryos	3
3924996697	Sporopollenin	A durable polymer in Charophytes that prevent exposed zygotes from drying out, resistant to harsh envoriments	4
3925013552	Five Key Traits of Land Plants (absent in Charophytes)	1 - Alternation of Generations 2 - Multicellular, dependent embryos 3 - Walled spores produced in sporangia 4 - Multicellular Gametangia 5 - Apical Meristems	5
3959421939	Alternation of Generations	A reproductive cycle where plants alternate between two multicellular stages	6
3959432542	Gametophytes	Haploid stage, that produces haploid gametes by mitosis	7
3959442459	Sporophytes	Diploid stage, that produces spores by meiosis	8
3959459792	Multicellular, dependent embryo	The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte, nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo	9
3959475138	Sporangia	Organs that produce spores	10
3959475139	Gametangia	Produces gametes	11
3959477405	Archegonia	Female gametangia, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization	12
3959514474	Antheridia	Male gametangia, produce and release sperm	13
3959523472	Apical Meristems	The part of the plant that sustains continual growth in the plant (apical stem and apical root)	14
3959536424	Cuticle	A waxy covering of the plant's epidermis	15
3959539068	Stomata	Are specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and inside of the plant	16
3959548044	Mycorrhizae	Symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients	17
3959601378	Bryophytes	Nonvascular plants -Examples Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts -Have lager and longer living gametophytes stages then sporophytes stages -Have flagellated sperm	18
3959615421	Seedless Vascular Plants	Have vascular tissues, Lycophytes and Monilophytes	19
3959622250	Lycophytes	Club mosses and their relatives	20
3959625778	Monilophytes	Ferns and their relatives	21
3959636282	Grade	Organisms that are grouped based on shared key biological features, rather than shared ancestry	22
3959665725	Seed	An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat	23
3959676968	Gymnosperms	Has a "naked seed" plants, including the conifers	24
3959676969	Angiosperms	Flowering plants, 90% of all plants	25
3959715107	Protonema	A spore germinates into a ________, and then into a game-producing gametophore	26
3959738771	Rhizoids	Anchor gametophytes to substrate (ground/soil)	27
3959790491	Bryophyte Parts	Foot Seta Sporangium Capsule (discharges spores through a peristome)	28
3959818158	Peat Moss Sphagnum	- Forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material know as peat - Can be used as a fuel - Lowers temperature, pH, and oxygen levels of peatlands - Inhibits decay of other organisms - Peat contains 30% of the worlds soil carbon, overheating it would release the carbon into the atmosphere	29
3959896107	Traits of Vascular Plants	- Life cycles with dominant sporophytes - Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem - Well-developed roots and leaves	30
3959938397	Xylem	- Conducts most of the water and minerals, includes tube shaped cells called tracheids - Stegthened by Lignin	31
3959938398	Phloem	Has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic material	32
3959940611	Roots	- Organs that anchor the plant and absorb nutrients in the soil - Evolved from subterranean stems - Allows the plant to grow tall	33
3959940612	Leaves	Organs that increase the plants surface area of vascular plants, thereby casting more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis	34
3959943967	Microphylls	Leaves with a single vein, only Lycohytes	35
3959945411	Megaphylls	Leaves with highly branched vascular system	36
3959950737	Sporophylls	Modified leaves with sporangia	37
3959950738	Sori	Clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls	38
3959950739	Strobili	Cone like structures formed from groups of sporophylls	39
3959953223	Heterosporous	Produce both megaspores and microspores	40
3959953224	Megaspores	Give rise to the female gametophytes	41
3959955657	Microspores	Give rise to the male gametophytes	42
3959959019	Homosporous	Plant produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophytes	43
3959961374	Megasporangia	Produces megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes	44
3959965215	Microsporangia	Produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes	45
3959967044	Pollen Gains	Microspores develops into _________, which contain the male gametophytes	46
3959967045	Pollination	The transfer of pollen to the part of ta seed plant containing the ovules- eliminates the need of water for sperm	47
3959971641	Ovule	-Consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments	48
3959974409	Advantages of Seeds	-May remain dormant for days or years -Stored food supply -Transported over long distances, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments	49
3960144095	Gymnosperm Life Cycle	- Miniaturization of their gametophytes - Development of seeds from fertilized ovules - The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen	50
3960151719	Conifers	Cone bearing plants	51
3960155856	Small Cones	Produce mircospores	52
3960157491	Large Cones	Produce megaspores	53
3960188256	Characteristics of Angiosperm		54
3960188257	Sepals		55
3960188258	Petals		56
3960189828	Stamens		57
3960191257	Carpel/Pistil		58
3960191258	Flower		59
3960191259	Filament		60
3960193115	Anther		61
3960193116	Ovary		62
3960193117	Style		63
3960194891	Stigma		64
3960196204	Complete Flowers		65
3960196205	Incomplete Flowers		66
3960196206	Fruit		67
3960200003	Radial Symmetry		68
3960201812	Bilateral Symmetry		69
3960204060	Embryo Sac		70
3960204061	Endosperm		71
3960206179	Micropyle		72
3960207491	Double fertilization		73
3960209375	Cotyledons		74
3960209376	Monocots		75
3960209377	Dicots		76
3960211018	Eudicots		77
3960212592	Basal Angiosperms		78
3960217419	Artificial Selection		79