Campbell Biology Ch. 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Flashcards

2318364665	Insects help angiosperms to	reproduce sexually with physically distant members of their own species	0
2318369410	Many angiosperms lure insects with	nectar; both plant and pollinator benefit	1
2318371380	Mutualistic symbioses are common between	plants and other species	2
2318373266	Angiosperms are the most	important group of plants in terrestrial ecosystems and in agriculture	3
2318376918	Plant life cycles are characterized by	by the alternation between sporophyte (spore-producing) and gametophyte (gamete-producing) generations	4
2318378937	Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are	key features of the angiosperm life cycle	5
2318381545	In angiosperms, the sporophyte is	the plant that we see; they are larger, more conspicuous and longer-lived than gametophytes	6
2318382806	The angiosperm life cycle is characterized by "three Fs":	flowers, double fertilization, and fruits	7
2318386583	Flowers are	the reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte; they attach to a part of the stem called the receptacle *Shortened stem with four whorls of modified leaves	8
2318390234	Flowers consist of four floral organs:	carpels, stamens, petals, and sepals	9
2318392102	Stamens and carpels are	reproductive organs; sepals and petals are sterile	10
2318395539	A carpel has a long ...	style with a stigma on which pollen may land	11
2318396671	At the base of the style is an	ovary containing one or more ovules	12
2318397836	A single carpel or group of fused carpels is called	a pistil	13
2318399348	A stamen consists of	a filament topped by an anther with pollen sacs that produce pollen	14
2318401412	Complete flowers contain	all four floral organs	15
2318402248	Incomplete flowers lack	one or more floral organs, for example stamens or carpels	16
2318403344	Clusters of flowers are called	inflorescences	17
2318717890	Much of floral diversity represents	adaptation to specific pollinators	18
2318724671	Name the Four general trends that can be seen in the evolution of flowers	1.Bilateral symmetry 2.Reduction in the number of floral parts 3.Fusion of floral parts 4.Location of ovaries inside receptacles; inferior ovaries	19
2318735747	The angiosperm life cycle includes	1.Gametophyte development 2.Pollination 3.Double fertilization 4.Seed development	20
2318748238	Female Gametophytes is also known as...	(Embryo Sacs)	21
2318751638	The embryo sac, or female gametophyte, develops within	the ovule	22
2318753383	Within an ovule, two integuments surround a	megasporangium	23
2318756242	One cell in the megasporangium undergoes	meiosis, producing four megaspores, only one of which survives	24
2318758288	The megaspore divides without	cytokinesis, producing one large cell with eight nuclei	25
2318760301	This cell is partitioned into	a multicellular female gametophyte (7 cells - one big cell with 2 polar nuclei), the embryo sac	26
2318763220	Pollen develops from	microspores within the microsporangia, or pollen sacs, of anthers	27
2318765646	Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce two cells:	the generative cell and the tube cell	28
2318767611	A pollen grain consists of	the two-celled male gametophyte and the spore wall	29
2318771213	In angiosperms, pollination is	the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma	30
2318772055	After landing on a receptive stigma, a pollen grain produces a	pollen tube that grows down into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells near the embryo sac	31
2318774468	Fertilization is...	the fusion of gametes, occurs after the two sperm reach the female gametophyte	32
2318776638	Describe the function of the sperm in fertilization	One sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the two polar nuclei, giving rise to the triploid food-storing endosperm (3n)	33
2318781518	Double fertilization ensures that	endosperm only develops in ovules containing fertilized eggs	34
2318794106	What happens after double fertilization	-Each ovule develops into a seed -The ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seed -When a seed germinates, the embryo develops into a new sporophyte	35
2318830589	The transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma can be accomplished by	wind, water, or animals	36
2318831724	Wind-pollinated species (what do they do?)	(e.g., grasses and many trees (nontropical trees) release large amounts of pollen	37
2318838386	In apomixis, an embryo is created from	-a diploid cell in the ovule. -Then the ovules mature into seeds. Ex. Dandelion	38
2318850315	Moth pollinated flowers are usually...	sweetly fragrant, pale colored and open at night	39
2318858202	Some pollinators are...	1. Bees 2. Moth 3.Hummingbirds 4.Blowfly 5. Bats	40
2318865040	Coevolution is	the joint evolution of interacting species in response to selection imposed by each other	41
2318865984	Many flowering plants have coevolved with	specific pollinators	42
2318873290	The development of a seed into a flowering plant includes several stages	1.Endosperm development 2.Embryo development 3.Seed dormancy 4.Seed germination 5.Seedling development 6.Flowering	43
2318876642	Endosperm development usually precedes	embryo development	44
2318877945	In most monocots and many eudicots, endosperm stores	nutrients that can be used by the seedling	45
2318880196	In other eudicots, the food reserves of the endosperm are	exported to the cotyledons	46
2318885510	The first mitotic division of the zygote splits what?	splits the fertilized egg into a basal cell and a terminal cell	47
2318886931	The basal cell produces	a multicellular suspensor, which anchors the embryo to the parent plant	48
2318889482	The terminal cell gives rise to	most of the embryo	49
2318893713	The embryo and its food supply are enclosed by	a hard, protective seed coat	50
2318894592	The seed enters a state of	dormancy	51
2318896742	A mature seed is only about what percent water?	5-15% water	52
2318898443	In some eudicots, such as the common garden bean, the embryo consists of	the embryonic axis attached to two fleshy cotyledons (seed leaves)	53
2318900243	Below the cotyledons the embryonic axis is called	the hypocotyl and terminates in the radicle	54
2318901434	the radicle	embryonic root	55
2318902870	above the cotyledons it is called	the epicotyl	56
2318903769	The plumule comprises	the epicotyl, young leaves, and shoot apical meristem	57
2318906912	The seeds of some eudicots, such as castor beans, have	thin cotyledons	58
2318913282	Name 2 toxins found in Castor Bean	1.RCA Ricinus communis agglutinin -Agglutinates RBCs; does not penetrate intestinal wall 2.Ricin - 1 milligram enough to kill -Death often within 3-5 days; severe dehydration, decrease in urine; decrease in blood pressure -Inhibit protein synthesis by irreversibly inactivating ribosomes -RIPs ribosome inactivating proteins	59
2318945926	RTB portion of ricin	-Binds to both glycoprotein and glycolipids. -106-108 ricin molecules may bind per cell. -A sing ricin molecule that enters the cytosol can inactivate 1500 ribosomes per minute and kill the cell.	60
2318962139	The ricin A portion of the heterodimer is the enzyme that	binds and depurinates a specific adenine of the 28S rRNA	61
2318966577	A monocot embryo has	one cotyledon	62
2318967791	Grasses, such as maize and wheat, have a special cotyledon called	a scutellum	63
2318969350	Two sheathes enclose the embryo of	a grass seed: a coleoptile covering the young shoot and a coleorhiza covering the young root	64
2318973430	Seed dormancy increases	the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling	65
2318974400	The breaking of seed dormancy often requires	environmental cues, such as temperature or lighting changes	66
2318977183	Most seeds remain viable after how long?	a year or two of dormancy, but some last only days and others can remain viable for centuries	67
2318979082	Germination depends on	on imbibition, the uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed	68
2318985826	In Germination what emerges from the seed first?	1. The radicle 2. Shoot tip	69
2318993272	In many eudicots, a hook forms in the What?, and growth pushes the hook above ground	In many eudicots, a hook forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes the hook above ground	70
2318994923	What causes the hook to straighten and pull the cotyledons and shoot tip up	Light	71
2319001234	In other eudicots the an epicotyl hook forms and the cotyledons remain in the soil	In other eudicots the an epicotyl hook forms and the cotyledons remain in the soil	72
2319005743	the bean has a (family Fabaceae)	hypocotyl hook	73
2319006930	the pea has an (family Fabaceae)	epicotyl hook	74
2319012552	In maize and other grasses, which are monocots, the----pushes up through the soil creating a tunnel for the shoot tip to grow through	coleoptile	75
2319019927	The flowers of a given plant species are synchronized to appear	at a specific time of the year to promote outbreeding	76
2319022193	Flowering is triggered by a combination of	environmental cues and internal signals	77
2319023349	A fruit is	the mature ovary of a flower	78
2319025488	Function of fruit	It protects the enclosed seeds and aids in seed dispersal by wind or animals	79
2319033047	Fruits are classified based on their developmental origin	1.Simple fruits 2.Aggregate fruits 3.Multiple fruits	80
2319035136	Simple fruits develop from	a single or several fused carpels	81
2319036267	Aggregate fruits result from	a single flower with multiple separate carpels	82
2319037058	Multiple fruits develop from	a group of flowers called an inflorescence	83
2319044806	An accessory fruit contains	other floral parts in addition to ovaries	84
2325766787	Pome	includes fleshy receptacle or hypanthium (fused bases of stamens, petals and sepals	85
2325767290	Fruit dispersal mechanisms include	1.Water 2.Wind 3.Animals	86
2325768441	Asexual reproduction results in	a clone of genetically identical organisms	87
2325768736	Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction	1.Fragmentation 2.Apomixis	88
2325768987	Fragmentation	separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants,	89
2325770510	Apomixis	asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell	90
2325771857	Asexual reproduction is also called	called vegetative reproduction because progeny arise from mature vegetative fragments	91
2325773454	Asexual reproduction can be beneficial to a successful plant in	-a stable environment But make plant vulnerable to local extinction if there is an environmental change.	92
2325776425	Sexual reproduction generates	genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible	93
2325777085	many species have evolved mechanisms to prevent	selfing	94
2325777896	Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization	1.Dioecious species 2. Others have stamens and carpels that mature at different times or are arranged to prevent selfing 3.self-incompatibility	95
2325777897	Dioecious species	have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants	96
2325779551	self-incompatibility	a plant's ability to reject its own pollen *Some plants reject pollen that has an S-gene matching an allele in the stigma cells	97
2325782135	Totipotent cells	those that can divide and asexually generate a clone of the original organism, are common in plants	98
2325784292	vegetative propagation	Vegetative reproduction that is facilitated or induced by humans	99
2325784617	A callus is	a mass of dividing, undifferentiated totipotent cells can sprout shoots and roots in response to plant hormones	100
2325786242	Grafting	-A twig or bud can be grafted onto a plant of a closely related species or variety The stock provides the root system The scion is grafted onto the stock	101
2325789250	Transgenic plants are	are genetically modified (GM) to express a gene from another organism	102
2325791195	Plant tissue culture also facilitates the production of	of genetically modified (GM) plants	103
2325792206	Plants with beneficial mutations are used in	breeding experiments	104
2325792536	Desirable traits can be introduced from	different species or genera	105
2325793517	biotechnology	The manipulation of living organisms to produce goods and services	106
2325794614	the Bt toxin	Some transgenic crops were developed to produce this toxin which is toxic to insect pests	107
2325797684	Bt toxin is from	Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium that produces a crystalline protein that harms the guts of some insect larvae	108
2325802770	Biofuels are	fuels derived from living biomass, the total mass of organic matter in a group of organisms	109
2325803220	Most long term planners are backing away from	biofuels	110
2325804123	Worldwide use of herbicide resistant crops has led in a massive increase	in herbicide use. -These chemicals are toxic to our primary producers.	111