Genetics Flashcards

889575234	genetics	the study of heredity	0
889575235	heredity	the passing of traits from one generation to the next	1
889575236	trait	a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another	2
889575218	gene	sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait	3
889575238	genome	the entire "library" of genetic instructions in DNA that an organism inherits	4
889575237	Gregor Mendel	father of genetics	5
889575239	allele	alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) located at a specific position on a specific chromosome (a letter)	6
889575240	dominant allele	an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different (capital letter)	7
889575241	recessive allele	an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical (lowercase letter)	8
889575242	genotype	the combination of alleles located on homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristic or trait (the allelic combination such as Bb)	9
889575243	phenotype	the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by the genotype (the expressed trait such as brown eyes)	10
889575244	homozygous	term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for the same trait (ex. BB or bb)	11
889575245	heterozygous	term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait (ex. Bb)	12
889575246	Punnett square	diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross	13
889575247	gamete (sex cell)	specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction (sperm or egg)	14
889575248	probability	the possibility of different outcomes (percentage or ratio)	15
889575249	monohybrid cross	a one-trait cross (ex. color)	16
889575250	dihybrid cross	a two-trait cross (ex. color & shape)	17
889575251	P generation	parental generation is the first generation involving two individuals that are mated to predict or analyze the genotypes of their offspring	18
889575252	F1 generation	first filial generation is the generation resulting immediately from a cross of the first set of parents (P generation)	19
889575253	F2 generation	second filial generation is the generation resulting from a cross between two F1 individuals	20
889575254	purebred	offspring that are the result of mating between genetically similar kinds of parents; opposite of hybrid; same as true breeding	21
889575255	hybrid	offspring that are the result of mating between two genetically different kinds of parents; opposite of purebred	22
1151650813	Principle of Dominance	when individuals with contrasting traits are crossed, the offspring will express only the dominant trait	23
889575256	Law of Segregation	states that allele pairs separate, or segregate, during gamete formation	24
889575257	Law of Independent Assortment	states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes	25
889575258	non-Mendelian inheritance	refers to any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws (ex. incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits)	26
889575259	incomplete dominance	when one allele is not completely dominant over the other, or blending occurs (ex. Red + White = Pink)	27
889575260	codominance	occurs when BOTH alleles of a gene are expressed in an individual (ex. Black + White = Black & White Speckled)	28
889575261	multiple allele traits	traits that are controlled by more than two alleles (ex. ABO blood typing = A allele, B allele, & O allele)	29
889575262	polygenic traits	a trait controlled by two or more genes; produce a wide range of phenotypes	30
889575263	sex-linked traits	a trait genetically determined by an allele located on the sex chromosome	31
889575264	pedigree chart	a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next	32
889575265	chromatin	unraveled and long DNA (during interphase)	33
889575266	chromosome	condensed, coiled, and shorted DNA (this occurs during mitosis and meiosis)	34
889575267	chromatids	the two identical halves of a single replicated eukaryotic chromosome and joined at the centromere	35
889575268	homologous chromosomes	chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding places (one homologous chromosome is inherited from the mother; the other from the father)	36
889575273	daughter cells	new cells	37
889575270	mitosis	a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells each with the same number of chromosomes of the parent cell	38
889575269	meiosis	a type of cell division that results in four genetically different daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (also known as reduction division)	39
889575271	sexual reproduction	process by which two cells from different parent unite to produce the first cell of a new organism	40
889575272	asexual reproduction	process by which a single parent reproduces by itself	41
889575274	crossing over	process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis (also called gene shuffling)	42
889575275	genetic variation	genetic differences within a species	43
889575277	fertilization	a process in sexual reproduction in which a sperm unites with an egg to make the first cell of a new organism, or zygote	44
889575278	zygote	fertilized egg	45
889575279	somatic cell	body cell (non-sex cell)	46
889575280	haploid (N)	term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes (Humans N = 23)	47
889575281	diploid (2N)	term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homolgous chromosomes (Humans 2N = 46)	48
889575226	chromosomal mutation	mutation that affects the number or structure of whole chromosomes	49
889575227	deletion chromosomal mutation	a mutation that involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome	50
889575228	duplication chromosomal mutation	a mutation that produces extra copies of parts of a chromosome	51
889575229	inversion chromosomal mutation	a mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome	52
889575230	translocation chromosomal mutation	a mutation that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome	53
889575231	nondisjunction	the most common error in meiosis and occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate	54
889575232	trisomy	a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities	55
889575287	polyploidy	condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes because a complete set of chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis (ex. 3N or 4N)	56
889575283	DNA fingerprinting	an individual's unique sequence of DNA base pairs, determined by exposing a sample of the person's DNA to molecular probes	57
889575285	genetic engineering	the process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms	58
889575286	genetically modified organism (GMO)	one that has artificially acquired one or more genes from the same or different species	59
889575289	plasmid	circular DNA found in bacteria	60
889575288	recombinant DNA	DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms (DNA is cut out of one organism and recombined with another organism's DNA)	61
889575290	enzyme	protein that speeds up chemical reactions in organisms	62
889575291	restriction enzyme	DNA-cutting enzymes found in bacteria	63
889575292	biotechnology	the use of living organisms or other biological systems in the manufacture of drugs or other products or for environmental management, as in waste recycling	64
889575293	karyotype	a picture of an organism's genome and can be used for chromosomal anlysis	65