Chapter 40: basic principles of animal form and function Flashcards

2335661227	The biological form of an organism	Anatomy	0
2335661377	The biological functions an organism performs	Physiology	1
2335661706	4 physical laws that govern certain traits of animals	1. Strength 2. Diffusion rates 3. Movement 4. Heat exchange	2
2335662433	Skeletons in relation to animals growing larger	Thicker skeletons are required to support more mass	3
2335664790	2 things nutrients are required for as animals grow larger	1. More nutrients are needed to supply all tissues with proper levels 2. More nutrients are required to build the larger structures	4
2335665653	Similar adaptations result in diverse organisms facing the same challenge; 2 separate species evolve to have a similar feature that didn't come from a common ancestor	Convergent evolution	5
2335666915	What does an organism need to exchange with its environment?	Gases, nutrients, and waste products	6
2335667310	How are gases, nutrients, and waste products exchanged on the single cell level?	They have to cross the plasma membrane	7
2335667573	How fast can materials be exchanged?	Rate of exchange is proportional to the surface area of the cell; the amount of materials exchanged is proportional to the volume of the cell	8
2343859109	________ organisms have sufficient surface area to exchange materials with their environments	Single-celled	9
2343861920	Some multi-cellular organisms have ________ to facilitate diffusion of materials	Thin body walls	10
2343864803	Some organisms have most of their cells in ________ contact with the environment	Direct	11
2343866216	Are all the cells in larger organisms in contact with the environment?	No	12
2343867298	Larger organisms are composed of...	Compact masses of cells with complex internal organization	13
2343868348	How are nutrients distributed in humans? Goats? Frogs?	A circulatory system	14
2343869627	Adaptations allow of exchange of materials with the environment such as...	1. Extensive branching or folded structures 2. Interstitial fluid 3. Systems of distribution within the organism	15
2343870945	Fluid between cells allows of movement of materials into and out of cells	Interstitial fluid	16
2343872072	3 systems of distribution within the organism	1. Digestive system 2. Circulatory system 3. Respiratory system	17
2343874272	Job(s) of the digestive system	Food processing	18
2343876918	Job(s) of the circulatory system	Internal distribution of materials	19
2343877753	Job(s) of the respiratory system	Gas exchange	20
2343878743	Job(s) of the immune and lymphatic system	Body defense	21
2343879592	Job(s) of the excretory system	1. Disposal of metabolic waste 2. Regulation of osmotic balance of blood	22
2343881351	Job(s) of the endocrine system	1. Coordination of body activities 2. Transmits hormones throughout the body via blood	23
2343883284	Job(s) of the reproductive system	Reproduction/creating offspring	24
2343883296	Job(s) of the nervous system	1. Coordination of body activities 2. Detection of stimuli 3. Formulation of responses to stimuli	25
2343885288	Job(s) of the integumentary system	1. Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration 2. Thermoregulation	26
2343887286	Job(s) of the skeletal system	1. Body support 2. Protection of internal organs	27
2343888702	Job(s) of the muscular system	Locomotion and other movements	28
2343890434	4 main categories of tissues	1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous	29
2343893114	1. Covers the outside of the body 2. Lines the organs and cavities within the body 3. Contains cells that are closely joined, to provide protection so things don't just enter/exit	Epithelial tissue	30
2343894238	3 shapes of epithelial cells	1. Cubodial 2. Columnar 3. Squamous	31
2343897336	3 types of arrangement of epithelial cells	1. Simple (a single layer) 2. Stratified (multiple tiers of cells) 3. Pseudostratified (a single layer of cells of varying lengths)	32
2343901546	Side of epithelial tissue that faces the exterior	Apical surface	33
2343902375	Side of epithelial tissue that faces the interior	Basal surface	34
2343903767	The ________ side of epithelial cells either faces the air/your clothes or the inside of your digestive system	Apical	35
2343903774	The ________ side of epithelial cells faces your muscles or your organs	Basal	36
2343905934	Binds and supports other tissues	Connective tissue	37
2343907104	Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extra cellular matrix	Connective tissue	38
2343908061	6 major types of connective tissue	1. Loose 2. Fibrous 3. Bone 4. Adipose 5. Blood 6. Cartilage	39
2343910497	1. Binds epithelia to the underlying tissues 2. Holds organs in place	Loose connective tissue	40
2343911985	In tendons, attaches muscles to bones; in ligaments, connects the bones together at your joints	Fibrous connective tissue	41
2343913150	Mineralized; forms skeleton	Bone	42
2343914067	1. Fat 2. Stores energy 3. Provides insulation	Adipose tissue	43
2343915247	1. Composed of blood cells, plasma, and cell fragments 2. Connects parts of the body with nutrients and oxygen 3. Removes waste 4. Transports hormones, etc.	Blood	44
2343916255	Strong and flexible support material; between bones	Cartilage	45
2343917338	3 types of connective tissue fibers	1. Collagenous 2. Reticular 3. Elastic	46
2343918873	Fibers that provide strength and flexibility	Collagenous	47
2343919883	Fibers that join connective tissue to adjacent tissue	Reticular	48
2343920648	Fibers that stretch and "snap" back to their original length	Elastic	49
2343922358	2 types of cells within connective tissue	1. Fibroblasts 2. Macrophages	50
2343923570	1. Secrete the proteins in the extracellular matrix 2. Make fiber	Fibroblasts	51
2343924334	Involved in the immune system	Macrophages	52
2343925501	Responsible for almost all types of body movement	Muscle tissue	53
2343926563	Filaments that enable the muscles to contract	Actin and myosin	54
2343927238	3 muscle types	1. Skeletal/striated 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac	55
2343928194	Muscle type responsible for voluntary movement	Skeletal/striated	56
2343929270	Muscle type responsible for involuntary movement	Smooth	57
2343930310	Muscle type responsible for contraction of the heart	Cardiac	58
2343931151	Tissue that receives, processes, and transmits information	Nervous tissue	59
2343932469	2 cell types found in nervous tissue	Neurons and glial cells	60
2343933735	Coordination and control depend on the ________ system and the ________ system	Endocrine; nervous	61
2343938436	Hormones are ________ but ________	Slow acting; long lasting	62
2343940331	Uses internal controls to change their internal environment when the external environment fluctuates; ex. warm blooded organism	Regulator	63
2343940343	Allows their internal environment to fluctuate with the external environment; ex. cold blooded organism	Conformer	64
2343943715	The steady state physical condition of the body; in humans: pH, temperature, glucose concentrations kept as constant levels	Homeostasis	65
2343944428	________ feedback helps return a variable back to normal/homeostatic range	Negative	66
2343944429	________ feedback would amplify the stimulus and therefore would not typically be able to restore homeostasis	Positive	67
2343946120	If a factor fluctuates above or below a ________, the body responds to return the factor to the set point	Set point	68
2343948548	1. Moving above or below a set point serves as a ________ 2. The stimulus is detected by a ________ 3. The sensor triggers a ________ 4. ________ is restored	Stimulus; sensor; response; homeostasis	69
2343950102	Set points can vary with...	Age or cyclic variation	70
2343952368	Physiological changes that occur ~24 hours even in the absence of external cues	Circadian rhythm	71
2343953658	Sometimes, homeostasis can adjust to changes in the external environment	Acclimatization	72
2343954530	Process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range	Thermoregulation	73
2343955282	What does thermoregulation involve?	Form, function, and behavior	74
2343957110	1. Generate heat through metabolism 2. Maintain a stable body temperature even with drastic environmental changes 3. More energetically expensive than ectothermy 4. Birds and mammals	Endothermic animals	75
2343958186	1. Gain heat from external sources 2. Tolerate greater variation in internal temperature 3. Most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, non-avian reptiles	Ectothermic animals	76
2343959302	Body temperature varies with its environment	Poikilotherm	77
2343959930	Body temperature is relatively constant	Homeotherm	78
2343961091	4 ways animals balance heat loss and gain	1. Radiation of heat 2. Evaporative cooling 3. Convection 4. Conduction	79
2343963085	Mammals often use the ________ system to regulate heat	Integumentary	80
2343963086	5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate	1. Insulation 2. Circulatory adaptations 3. Cooling by evaporative heat loss 4. Behavioral responses 5. Adjusting metabolic heat production	81
2343966184	Blood flow increases, heat loss increases	Vasodilation	82
2343966958	Blood flow decreases, heat loss decreases	Vasoconstriction	83
2343968826	Transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss	Countercurrent exchange	84
2343970586	Evaporation of water from the skin cools the skin; sweating or bathing moistens skin to allow for cooling; panting increases the cooling effect	Evaporative cooling	85
2343973548	Adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature; increased by muscle activity such as moving of shivering	Thermogenesis	86
2343974173	Hormones cause the mitochondria to increase metabolic activity	Nonshivering thermogenesis	87
2343976184	Birds and mammals can vary their ________ to adjust to seasonal temperatures	Insulation	88
2343978261	What brain region controls thermoregulation in mammals?	Hypothalamus	89
2343980138	3 things energy requirements are related to	1. Size 2. Activity level 3. Environment	90
2343981376	What do energy requirements determine?	How much food an animal needs relative to the animal's size, activity level, and environment	91
2343983459	Harness light energy to build energy-rich molecules	Autotrophs	92
2343984182	Harvest chemical energy from food	Heterotrophs	93
2343985470	Energy containing molecules from food are usually used to make ________	ATP	94
2343985471	Once an organism meets the needs it has to stay alive it can use the remaining energy from food molecules to do ________	Biosynthesis	95
2343988698	4 parts of biosynthesis	1. Body growth 2. Body repair 3. Synthesis of storage materials like fat 4. Production of gametes	96
2343990601	The amount of energy an animals uses in a unit of time	Metabolic rate	97
2343991715	3 ways metabolic rate be determined by	1. Heat loss 2. Amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide lost 3. Measuring amount of energy consumed through food and the energy lost in waste products	98
2343992996	The metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a "comfortable" temperature	Basal metabolic rate (BMR)	99
2343995019	The metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature	Standard metabolic rate (SMR)	100
2343996270	Ectotherms have much (lower/higher) metabolic rates than endotherms of a comparable size	Lower	101
2343997761	6 factors that can affect metabolic rate	1. Size 2. Age 3. Sex 4. Activity level 5. Temperature 6. Nutrition	102
2343998781	Metabolic rate is proportional to ________	Body mass	103
2344001525	An animal has the highest metabolic rate during peak activity	Maximum metabolic rate	104
2344003208	4 things that the portion of an animals energy that is devoted to activity depends on	1. Environment 2. Behavior 3. Size 4. Thermoregulation	105
2344004222	A physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases	Torpor	106
2344004864	3 types of torpor	1. Hibernation 2. Estivation 3. Daily	107