APUSH Exam Flashcards

1473246063	thomas paine's common sense	1776- Paine argued for independence, directly attacking allegiance to the monarchy, refocusing hostility previously vented on Parliament. The pamphlet was published anonymously in Philadelphia. He proved himself the consummate Revolutionary rhetorician. The Common sense of the matter, it seemed, was that King George III bore the responsibility for the malevolence toward the colonist. Before Paine, few colonists thought Independence was an option.	0
1473246064	stamp act congress	Meeting which nine of the thirteen colonies held in Philadelphia in 1765 to discuss the Stamp Act; claimed that admiralty courts were abusive, colonists had same rights as Englishmen, and Parliament could not tax the colonists due to lack of representation.	1
1473246065	first continental congress	Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence	2
1473246066	boston massacre	1770; 5 civilians who were part of a mob killed by British soldiers; depicted as a brutal slaughter in colonial newspapers	3
1473246067	open door policy	A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.	4
1473246068	jonathan edwards	man associated with the great awakening	5
1473246069	great awakening	early 18th century religious revival	6
1473246070	great society	lyndon b. johnson's domestic economic program of the '60s that included policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice	7
1473246071	know-nothing party	they were a party established in 1854 that demanded an end to immigration into the united states and were very anti-catholic and had strong support in new york and new england	8
1473246072	horizontal integration	a company that buys up other businesses in the same industry is an example of ________________	9
1473246073	vertical integration	controlling production from the raw material stage through distribution to the consumer - for example, the steel industry under andrew carnegie, who owned coal mines, railroads, and steam ships as well as steel mills	10
1473246074	andrew carnegie	his steel industry was an example of vertical integration because he owned coal mines, railroads, and steam ships as well as steel mills and vertical integration is controlling production from the raw material stage through distribution to the customer	11
1473246075	carpetbaggers	northerners who sought economic opportunity in the south after the civil war	12
1473246076	direct election of senators	was provided for in the 17th amendment	13
1473246077	state legislatures	before the 17th amendment, senators were chosen by _________________, a form of indirect election	14
1473246078	bill of rights	the first 10 amendments in to the constitution, effective december 1771	15
1473246079	city manager government	a professional administrator runs local government in accordance with the policies of elected officials, reflects the Progressives' emphasis on efficiency,	16
1473246080	jamestown	the first permanent english colony in north america	17
1473246081	after	the ratification of the constitution came ______ the declaration of independence	18
1473246082	jamestown	colony that was founded in 1607, was the first permanent english colony in north america	19
1473246083	sir walter raleigh	he tried to establish a colony at roanoke in the 1580s and failed	20
1473246084	st. augustine	english colony founded by spain in 1565	21
1473246085	plymouth	english colony established in 1620	22
1473246086	maryland	colony founded by lord baltimore in 1634 as a religious haven for catholics	23
1473246087	homestead act	offered 160 acres of public lands in the west to any citizen for a low fee, encouraged western migration	24
1473246088	1845	year texas was annexed	25
1473246089	1846	year of mexican war	26
1473246090	oregon boundary settlement	James K. Polk, 1846-the Oregon Territory had claims on it from Spain, Russia, Britain, and the US, through the Florida Treaty of 1819, Spain gave its Oregon land to the US, Russia split its land between the US and Britain, Britain had its claims from occupation, treaties, exploration, and discovery, Americas claims were more recent than Britain's, up until the 1840's, Britain and the US stayed peacefully together, but then many American settlers moved there, many people wanted to gain full control of Oregon, the US proposed a deal to the British in the early 1840's that suggested the British border be moved west, at first the nation refused, but in 1846 they proposed he same deal and the US accepted	27
1473246091	1849	year of california gold rush	28
1473246092	truman	the taft-hartley act occurred during the ___________ administration	29
1473246093	taft-hartley act	act that significantly affected labor unions that became law in 1947 over truman's veto, declared the closed shop ILLEGAL and permitted the union shop, forbade jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts, included the right of employers to be exempted from bargaining with unions unless they wished to, forbade unions from contributing to political campaigns and required union leaders to affirm they were not supporters of the Communist Party	30
1473246094	stimson doctrine	doctrine that stated that the US would not recognize territory acquired by force, was a direct response to Japan's invasion of Manchuria	31
1473246095	cuban missile crisis	an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.	32
1473246096	bay of pigs invasion	kennedy's plan to have people who fled cuba to the US go back to cuba and lead a revolution inspiring the people to overthrow castro, failed terribly	33
1473246097	bacon's rebellion	1676 - the guy this is named after and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with the guy this is named after as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when the guy this is named after died of an illness.	34
1473246098	pequot war	Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down the pequot village and 400 were killed	35
1473246099	whiskey rebellion	farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army, led by George Washington, put down the rebellion; showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem	36
1473246100	king philip's war	1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.	37
1473246101	charities	hoover responded to the depression by supporting private relief efforts by ____________	38
1473246102	loans	hoover responded to the depression by making __________ available to financial institutions, railroads, and insurance companies	39
1473246103	private relief efforts	hoover's basic response to the depression was to rely on __________________	40
1473246104	reconstruction finance corporation	late in hoover's term as the depression continued to worsen, he did establish the ___________________________ to put federal money into the economy	41
1473246105	reconstruction finance corporation	Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief (federal money) to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.	42
1473523782	NATO	the military alliance that confronted the soviet union and eastern european nations of the warsaw pact; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries	43
1473523783	warsaw pact	A communist dictatorship alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to NATO	44
1473523784	truman doctrine	committed the US to protect greece and turkey , (HT) , 1947, policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey because britain had been helping them before but was running out of money and asked us to help out	45
1473523785	1492	year columbus lands in hispaniola	46
1473523786	pueblo revolt	Pope leads Indians against Spanish colonists for forcing Indian conversions	47
1473523787	france	they were more humane with the native americans and had good relations with them	48
1473523788	golden age	when the dutch dominated commerce and were economically prosperous	49
1473523789	smallpox and influenza	2 diseases brought over by europeans to the US that decimated native american populations	50
1473523790	southwest	the zuni and hopi civilizations were located in the _______________	51
1473523791	zuni and hopi	2 civilizations that had large multiple family dwellings in in canyons in the southwest that they left because of drought	52
1473523792	west coast	__________ Indians primarily lived by fishing, gathering, and hunting sea mammals	53
1473523793	great plains	____________ Indians were often buffalo hunters	54
1473523794	iroquois confederacy	also called the great league of peace, was a loose confederacy of indian tribes, indian version of NATO	55
1473523795	animals	native american hunting tribes focused on a religion of __________	56
1473523796	good harvests	native american agricultural tribes focused on a religion of _________________	57
1473523797	single	most indian groups believed in a _________ creator god who stood above all the other deities	58
1473523798	no	were indians monotheistic?	59
1473523799	land	to native americans, _______ was a common resource that village leaders could assign to families for use, but not to own, and most of it was seen as common to everyone	60
1473523800	yes	were there class distinctions in indian tribes?	61
1473523801	more	wealth was ________ distributed evenly in indian tribes than it was in europe	62
1473523802	women	__________ surprisingly were often religious leaders in native american tribes	63
1473523803	spanish	they were the first of the europeans to explore north america	64
1473523804	juan ponce de leon	he arrived in present day florida in 1513 looking for gold and the fabled fountain of youth	65
1473523805	alvar nunez cabeza de vaca	spanish explorer of the 16th century who wandered through the southwest looking for gold and was unsuccessful	66
1473523806	military bases	the spanish wanted to colonize florida so they could set up _______________ to fight pirates who preyed on silver-filled ships coming out of mexico	67
1473523807	southwest	spain was the most successful at colonizing the American ______________	68
1473523808	santa fe	spain's first permanent settlement established in 1610	69
1473523809	new mexico	the site of the first large scale uprising by native americans against europeans	70
1473523810	pueblos	name given to natives by the spanish	71
1473523811	pope	the religious leader who in 1680 organized an uprising to drive the spaniards out of the santa fe colony in new mexico	72
1473523812	encomienda	forced labor practice for indians that the spanish came up with, was abandoned after the pueblo revolt in new mexico when the spanish were driven out of santa fe by indians led by their leader pope for 12 years	73
1473523813	de las casas	the one spaniard who recognized that his countrymen were terrible	74
1473523814	black legend	the tale that the spanish unleashed unspeakable cruelty on the indians used by later settlers (especially the english) to justify their own settlements as less harsh therefore viable	75
1473523815	spanish	later settlers used the black legend to justify that their settlements helped to save the indians from the ________________	76
1473525415	maryland	first state to ratify the constitution	77
1473761325	land ordinance of 1785	surveyed the northwest territory	78
1473761326	attack on fort sumter	virginia, north carolina, tennessee, and arkansas seceded after the _________________	79
1473761327	vespucci	explorer from spain who explored the coast of south america	80
1473761328	pilgrims	plymouth colony was founded by ___________	81
1473761329	massachusetts bay company	the massachusetts bay colony was founded by the _______________________	82
1473761330	roger williams	rhode island colony was founded by _____________ and was significant for religious toleration	83
1473761331	thomas hooker	the connecticut colony was founded by _________ and was significant for the fundamental orders of connecticut	84
1473761332	james oglethorope	the georgia colony was founded by ________________ as a buffer against spanish florida	85
1473761333	antinomianism	an interpretation of puritan beliefs that stressed god's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with anne hutchinson	86
1473761334	enumerated articles	under the english navigation acts, those commodities that could be shipped only to england or to other english colonies; originally included sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo	87
1473761335	mesoamerica	"Middle America" the region extending from modern-day Mexico through Central America	88
1473761336	treaty of tordesillas	A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal	89
1473761337	great awakening	religious revival movement during 1730s and 1740s; leaders were george whitefield and jonathan edwards; religious pluralism was promoted by the idea that all protestant denominations were legitimate	90
1473761338	great migration	settlement of over 20k puritans in massachusetts bay and other parts of new england between 1630 and 1642	91
1473761339	half-way covenant	in 1662, puritans permitted the baptized children of church members into a "halfway" membership in the congregation and allowed them to baptize their children; they still could not vote or take communion	92
1473761340	headright system	method of attracting settlers to virginia; after 1618, it gave fifty acres of land to anyone who paid for their own passage or for that of any other settlers who might be sent or brought to the colony	93
1473761341	indentured servants	individuals who sold their labor for a fixed number of years in return for passage to the colonies; indentured servants were usually young, unemployed men and could be sold	94
1473761342	joint-stock company	A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.	95
1473761343	mercantilism	economic policy that held that the strength of a nation is based on the amount of gold and silver it has; also, that the country needs a favorable balance of trade and that colonies exist for the good of the mother country as a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods	96
1473761344	middle passage	the sea route followed by slave traders from the west coast of africa to the western hemisphere	97
1473761345	proprietary colony	a colony founded as a grant of land by the king to an individual or group of individuals; maryland (1634) and carolina (1663) were proprietary colonies	98
1473761346	separatists	those who wanted to break all connections with the church of england as opposed to most puritans who believed it was possible to reform the church; the puritans were part of this group	99
1473761347	triangular trade	trade pattern that developed in the colonies; new england shipped rum -> west africa, west africa shipped slaves -> west indies, west indies -> molasses to new england	100
1473761348	sugar act	expanded the list of enumerated articles; stricter enforcement of trade regulations	101
1473761349	pontiac's rebellion	1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.	102
1473761350	house of representatives	members elected for 2 year terms; number of representatives for each state based on population; all revenue bills originate here	103
1473761351	2/3	the president's veto of a law passed by congress can be overridden by a _________ vote of both houses	104
1473761352	enumerated powers	they collect taxes; regulate foreign and interstate commerce, coin money, establish post offices and post roads, declare war, raise and support army and navy, make all laws necessary to carry out above ("necessary and proper clause")	105
1473761353	1808	prior to ______, congress cannot prohibit importation of slaves	106
1473761354	habeas corpus	An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.	107
1473761355	legislative branch	article 1: _____________________ (congress)	108
1473761356	executive branch	article 2: ______________________ (pres & VP)	109
1473761357	judicial branch	article 3: _____________________ (supreme court)	110
1473761358	relations with states	article 4: _________________________	111
1473761359	amendment process	article 5: _____________________________	112
1473761360	13th amendment	this amendment abolished slavery	113
1473761361	14th amendment	this amendment guaranteed equal protection under the law, declared that all persons born in the US were citizenship, that all citizens were entilted to equal rights and their rights wer protected by due process	114
1473761362	9	ratification of the constitution requires _____ of the 13 states to say yes	115
1473761363	15th amendment	this amendment declared that the right to vote was guaranteed irrespective of race, color, or former condition of slavery	116
1473761364	16th amendment	this amendment gave congress the power to tax income	117
1473761365	19th amendment	this amendment gave women the right to vote	118
1473761366	antifederalists	poor, rural people who opposed a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the bill of rights	119
1473761367	checks and balances	system that says that the power of each branch of government is limited by the other	120
1473761368	compact theory of government	the idea that the constitution was a compact of sovereign states, and when the government exceeded its limited powers, the states had the right to take action - this idea is reflected in the VA and KY resolutions	121
1473761369	enumeratd powers	powers specifically given to congress in the constitution, includes power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war	122
1473761370	federalists	members of the wealthy enlightened ruling class who supported a strong central government and stressed the importance of maintaining the social order and the rights of property; members include GW, Hamilton, and JM	123
1473761371	loose construction	constitution is broadly interpreted, recognizing that it could not possibly anticipate all future developments; relies on idea of implied power and the necessary and proper clause; came up during debate on chartering bank of US	124
1473761372	protective tariff	a tax on goods imported into the country that is intended to protect manufacturing and industry from foreign competition	125
1473761373	strict construction	constitution is narrowly interpreted to give the federal government only those powers specifically delegated to it	126
1473761374	supremacy clause	the constitution, treaties entered into by the US, and laws passed by congress are superior to state laws	127
1473761375	marbury vs. madison	court case that was the first time an act of congress was declared unconstitutional; established the principle of judicial review (court's power to determine the constitutionality of laws)	128
1473761376	fletcher vs. peck	court case that wast he first time a state law was declared unconstitutional; the contract cause and property rights of the constitution overrode state law	129
1473761377	dartmouth college vs. woodward	court case that said that the charter of a private corporation is protected for under the constitution	130
1473761378	mcculloch vs. maryland	court case that upheld the constitutionality of the bank of the US, example of loose construction of the constitution	131
1473761379	gibbons vs. ogden	court case that affirmed federal control of interstate commerce under the commerce clause of the constitution	132
1473761380	monroe doctrine	this doctrine declared that europe had to stay out of western hemisphere affairs	133
1473761381	corrupt bargain	Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson	134
1473761382	american system	henry clay's economic program that supported a national bank, high tariffs, internal improvements, and a strong role for the federal government in the economy	135
1473761383	era of good feelings	the period after the war of 1812 during monroe's presidency when there was no competition between political parties	136
1473761384	war of 1812	A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.	137
1473761385	impressment	british practice of taking american sailors from american ships and forcing them into the british navy; a factor in the war of 1812	138
1473761386	kitchenc abinet	informal group of friends who advised jackson during his administration - jackson believed the "official" cabinet's main function was to carry out his orders	139
1473761387	nullification	the theory that states could declare a law passed by congress "null and void"; the roots of the idea go back to jefferson's compact theory of govenrment	140
1473761388	pet bank	a state bank that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the second bank of the united states	141
1473761389	spoils system	A system of public government employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.	142
1473761390	war hawks	nationalist members of congress who strongly supported war with GB on the eve of the war of 1812; members include henry clay and john c calhoun	143
1473761391	bleeding kansas	the virtual civil war that erupted in kansas between proslavery and free soilers as a consequence of the kansas-nebraska act	144
1473761392	kansas-nebraska act	1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.	145
1473761393	54 40 or fight	slogan of democrats in election of 1844, which claimed 54, 40 as the boundary of the oregon territory, In the election of 1844, Polk used this as a campaign slogan, implying that the he would declare war if Britain did not give the United States all the Oregon territory up to its northern boundary.	146
1473761394	freeport doctirne	the position on slavery taken by stephen douglas during debates with lincoln; slavery could not exist if local legislation did not accept it	147
1473761395	manifest destiny	americans had the god-given right to spread their institutions and culture across the continent - the ideological justification for territorial expansion in the 1840s	148
1473761396	nativism	response to increased immigration in the 1840s, reflected a fear that the US was being taken over by foreigners	149
1473761397	popular sovereignty	says that the decision to permit slavery in a territory as up to the territorial legislature	150
1473761398	transcendentalism	american expression of the romantic movement that emphasized the limits of reason, individual freedom and nature, represented by emerson and thoreau	151
1473798184	fort sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War	152
1473798185	anaconda plan	plan to cut off south's access to everything and choke them like a snake, Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south	153
1473798186	antietam	A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.	154
1473798187	mcclellan	After failing to capture Richmond, General _________ retreated to Washington DC. Robert E Lee, in an effort to capture D.C., advanced north and fought McClellan at the Battle of Antietam.	155
1473798188	stonewall jackson	Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.	156
1473798189	shiloh	This was battle fought by Grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the South. The battle was fought in the west prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. However, the Confederates strong resistance showed that they would not go quietly and the war was far from over.	157
1473798190	vicksburg	Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.	158
1473798191	ulysses s grant	an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	159
1473798192	sherman's march to the sea	After the burning of Atlanta Georgia on Nov 15 1864, sherman marched 300 miles to savannah and arrived there December 22nd 1864 with the 1st alabama cavalry regiment.	160
1473798193	gettysburg	A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.	161
1473798194	chancellorsville	A major battle in the American Civil War (1863), the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker. General Jackson was killed by friendly fire.	162
1473798195	appomattox	the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant	163
1473798196	matthew brady	Civil War Photographer	164
1473798197	morrill land grant act	act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established.	165
1473798198	black codes	passed by state legislatures in 1865-66, granted former slaves right to marry, sue, testify in court, and hold property but with significant qualifications	166
1473798199	border states	slave states - DL, MD, KY, MISSOURI - that remained loyal to the union; the secession of these states would have considerably strengthened the south	167
1473798200	compromise of 1877	rutherford b. hayes and other republicans agreed that US troops would be withdrawn from the south, agreed to appoint a southerner to the cabinet, and pledged federal projects to the south in return for an end to democratic opposition to official counting of the electoral votes for the disputed election of 1876	168
1473798201	copperheads	northern democrats, also called peace democrats, who opposed lincoln's war policies and were concerned with the growth of presidential power	169
1473798202	ex parte milligan	supreme court decision involving presidential war powers; ruled that civilians could not be tried in military courts in wartime when the federal courts were functioning	170
1473798203	presidential reconstruction	put forward by johnson; repealed ordinances of secession, repudiated confederate debt; ratified the 13th amendment	171
1473798204	radical reconstruction	provided for dividing states into military districts with military commanders to oversee voter registration that included adult african american males for state conventions; state conventions to draft constitutions that provided for suffrage for black men; state legislatures to ratify the 14th amendment	172
1473798205	scalawags	southern white republicans who had opposed secession	173
1473798206	sharecropping	common form of farming for freed slaves in the south; received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who decided what and how much should be planted; landlord usually took half of the harves	174
1473798207	ten percent plan	lincoln's proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction that provided that the new state governments could be established in the south WHEN 10% OF THE QUALIFIED VOTERS IN 1860 TOOK AN OATH OF LOYALTY	175
1473798208	plessy vs. ferguson	created separate bute qual	176
1473798209	munn vs. illinois	A Supreme Court Case that allowed the government to regulate railroads	177
1473798210	atlanta compromise	argument put forward by booker t washington that blacks should not focus on civil rights or social equality but should concentrate on economic self improvement	178
1473798211	craft unions	labor unions whose members were SKILLED workers in a particular craft - the AFl is composed of individual ones of these	179
1473798212	crime of '73	when the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard, was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, especially farmers in debt who wanted inflation to help them and wanted the silver-backing	180
1473798213	dawes act	act that changed the reservation system and granted 160 acres and US citizenship to native american heads of families who agreed to give up their tribal allegiance	181
1473798214	gilded age	the name applied to the 1870s and 1880s during which national politics was characterized by party rivalries, the spoils system, and unregulated business competition	182
1473798215	long vs. short haul	the cost of shipping goods a short distance was greater than over along distance; railroads charged higher rates on lines with no competition than on routes where several lines were operating	183
1473798216	social gospel	A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.	184
1473798217	the grange	Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads	185
1473798218	greenback party	Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.	186
1473799973	sherman anti-trust act	First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions	187
1473799974	horatio alger	Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work	188
1473799975	national labor union	1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers	189
1473799976	comstock lode	First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.	190
1474071111	washington disarmament conference	An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets	191
1474071112	london naval conference	This consisted of three major international naval conferences in London, the first in 1908-09, the second in 1930 and the third in 1935. The latter two, together with the Washington Naval Conference in 1921-22 and the Geneva Conferences (1927 and 1932), resulted in agreements between the major powers on navy vessel numbers, armaments and the rules of engagement in the inter-war period.	192
1474071113	kellogg-briand pact	Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another	193
1474071114	dawes plan	an attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany	194
1474071115	young plan	a program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I written in 1929 and formally adopted in 1930.	195
1474071116	clark memorandum	1931- state department issues a new policy repudiating the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America under the Roosevelt Corollary--> "Good Neighbor policy"	196