ap bio chapter 44 osmoregulation and excretion master list Flashcards

3269523841	organisms can be	regulators or conformers	0
3269524700	regulators	regulate internal environment	1
3269525200	conformers	conform to external environment	2
3269525601	regulators aka	endotherms	3
3269525602	endotherms aka	regulators	4
3269526053	conformers aka	ectotherms	5
3269526054	ectotherms aka	conformers	6
3269526680	regulators maintain relatively constant	internal conditions	7
3269527218	conformers allow internal conditions to	change with external conditions	8
3269527933	examples of things animals need to coordinate	temperature blood sugar intracellular waste	9
3269528352	temperature blood sugar intracellular waste are all things that	animals need to coordinate	10
3269529304	temperature blood sugar waste balance intracellular waste are all things that animals need to coordinate in order to maintain	homeostasis	11
3269530162	examples of regulation	adjustment of heat exchange evaporative heat loss behavioral responses fur	12
3270873465	some animals have behavioral responses like _______________ in order to regulate temperature	hibernation	13
3269530744	adjustment of heat exchange evaporative heat loss behavioral responses fur are examples of	regulation	14
3269539082	hibernation and fur are examples of	regulation	15
3269540487	when organism gets too hot, vessels	constrict	16
3269540769	when organism gets too hot, vessels constrict to	keep heat in	17
3269540770	when organism gets too hot, ____________ are opened	sweat glands	18
3269542178	when organism gets too hot, sweat glands are	opened	19
3269546621	animal systems have evolved to support	multicellular life	20
3269548380	to support multicellular life, animal systems had to overcome	limitations of diffusion	21
3269548858	animals have evolved exchange systems for	distributing nutrients and removing wastes	22
3269549464	what exchange system was evolved to distribute nutrients	circulatory system	23
3269549465	circulatory system job	distribute nutrients	24
3269549842	what exchange system was evolved to remove wastes	excretory system	25
3269551317	excretory system job	remove wastes	26
3269553412	fish in freshwater have to	excrete a lot of water	27
3269553413	fish in freshwater have to excrete a lot of water because they are	hypertonic to environment	28
3269553821	what kinds of fish excrete a lot of water	freshwater fish	29
3269554422	fish in saltwater have to	conserve water	30
3269555130	fish in saltwater have to conserve water, so they	avoid excreting water	31
3269555855	fish in saltwater have to conserve water because they are	hypotonic to environment	32
3269556568	what kinds of fish avoid excreting water	saltwater fish	33
3269556952	land organisms need to	conserve water	34
3269557597	land organisms need to conserve water because they	live in dry environment	35
3269558017	land organisms may also need to	conserve salts	36
3269558469	how do land organisms prevent water loss	body coverings	37
3269558470	land organisms have body covering to	prevent water loss	38
3269559094	examples of body coverings to prevent water loss	shells keratinized skin cells	39
3269560009	some land organisms are ______________ to prevent water loss	nocturnal	40
3269560010	why are some land organisms nocturnal to prevent water loss	no sun	41
3269560892	we digest carbohydrates into	C H O	42
3269560893	we digest lipids into	C H O	43
3269561466	we digest proteins into	C H O N	44
3269562202	we digest nucleic acids into	CHOPN	45
3269562203	proteins and nucleic acids create a lot of	nitrogenous waste	46
3269562876	which macromolecules create a lot of nitrogen waste	proteins and nucleic acids	47
3269563255	ammonia aka	NH3	48
3269563256	NH3 aka	ammonia	49
3269564191	ammonia is	very toxic	50
3269564743	ammonia is very toxic and	carcinogenic	51
3269565413	carcinogenic means that something can	cause cancer	52
3269565414	can ammonia cause cancer	yes	53
3269565846	ammonia is very soluble in	water	54
3269565847	is ammonia very soluble in water	yes	55
3269566673	body needs to _______ ammonia	dilute	56
3269566674	body needs to dilute ammonia and	get rid of it fast	57
3269567964	how an organism gets rid of nitrogenous wastes depends on	evolution and habitat	58
3269568295	evolution and habitat determine how an organism gets rid of	nitrogenous wastes	59
3269577400	how do aquatic animals get rid of nitrogenous wastes	just excrete ammonia	60
3269578175	to get rid of nitrogenous wastes, aquatic animals just	excrete ammonia	61
3269578573	what kinds of organisms just excrete ammonia	aquatic animals	62
3269579516	aquatic animals just excrete ammonia because	they can afford to lose water	63
3269580146	how do land animals get rid of nitrogenous wastes	excrete urea in urine	64
3269580820	to get rid of nitrogenous wastes, land animals	excrete urea in urine	65
3269581271	what kinds of organisms excrete urea in urine	land animals	66
3269584999	to get rid of nitrogenous wastes, egg-laying land animals	excrete uric acid	67
3269585558	to get rid of nitrogenous bases, land animals excrete urea in urine because	they need to conserve water	68
3269586752	how do egg-laying land animals get rid of nitrogenous bases	excrete uric acid	69
3269587578	to get rid of nitrogenous bases, egglaying land animals excrete uric acid because	they need to conserve water and protect embryo in egg	70
3269592032	kinds of nitrogenous wastes	ammonia urea uric acid	71
3269592033	ammonia urea uric acid are kinds of	nitrogenous wastes	72
3269592677	most toxic nitrogenous waste is	ammonia	73
3269593520	least toxic nitrogenous waste is	uric acid	74
3269595938	intermediate toxic nitrogenous waste	urea	75
3269596777	freshwater animals use surplus water to	dilute ammonia	76
3269597459	freshwater animals use surplus water to dilute ammonia so they can	excrete it	77
3269598903	freshwater animals use ________________ to dilute ammonia so they can excrete it	surplus water	78
3269599490	freshwater animals excrete ammonia as a	very dilute urine	79
3269600508	freshwater animals urine is	very dilute	80
3269601055	freshwater animals diffuse __________________ continuously through gills	ammonia	81
3269601056	freshwater animals diffuse ammonia _____________ through gills	continuously	82
3269602493	freshwater animals diffuse ammonia continuously through	gills	83
3269603627	why is urea less toxic than ammonia	larger and therefore less soluble	84
3269604148	urea is larger and therefore less soluble, making it	less toxic	85
3269604149	2NH2 + CO2 =	urea	86
3269604607	urea is produced in the	liver	87
3269605083	liver in land animals produces	urea	88
3269605084	urea formula	2NH2 + CO2	89
3269605487	urea costs	some energy to build	90
3269606872	what organ filters solutes out of blood and reabsorbs useful solutes	kidney	91
3269609095	kidney also	excretes waste	92
3269609096	does kidney also excrete waste	yes	93
3269609715	urine in land animals is made up by	urea salts sugars h2o	94
3269610571	urea salts sugar h2o make up ______________ in land animals	urine	95
3269610572	urine in land animals is	very concentrated	96
3269611518	urine in land animals is very concentrated because	concentrated ammonia would be too toxic	97
3269612271	egglaying land animals dispose of nitrogen in	eggs	98
3269612926	egglaying land animals dispose of nitrogen in eggs, but there is	no place to get rid of waste in egg	99
3269616248	there is no place to get rid of waste in egg, so egglaying land animals need to get rid of nitrogenous bases with a	not very soluble molecule	100
3269616669	uric acid is less toxic than urea because it is	larger and therefore less soluble	101
3269618253	examples of egg laying land animals	birds reptiles insects	102
3269618254	uric acid aka	polymerized urea	103
3269618645	polymerized urea aka	uric acid	104
3269620046	uric acid precipitates	out of solution	105
3269620625	uric acid precipitates out of solution, meaning it	comes out as a solid	106
3269621074	does uric acid precipitate out of solution	yes	107
3269621075	uric acid comes out as a solid and doesn't	hurt embryo in egg	108
3269621395	does uric acid hurt embryo in egg	no	109
3269622019	white dust in egg is actually	uric acid	110
3269622945	uric acid in eggs looks like	white dust	111
3269623532	adult egglaying land animals excrete uric acid as	white paste	112
3269624261	adult egglaying land animals excrete uric acid as white paste and excrete no	liquid waste	113
3269624688	do adult egglaying land animals excrete liquid waste	no	114
3269552166	fish in freshwater have to	excrete a lot of water	115
3283521383	unicellular organisms excretory system	Contractile vacuole	116
3283525090	Examples of a unicellular organism	Paramecium	117
3283527742	What kind of organisms have contractile vacuoles as excretory system	Unicellular organisms	118
3283531120	Phylum platyhelminthes aka	Flat worms	119
3283531697	Flat worms aka	Phylum platyhelminthes	120
3283533360	Phylum annelidas aka	Round worms	121
3283536884	Round worms aka	Phylum annelidas	122
3283537962	Example of a round worm	Earthworm	123
3283540567	Phylum platyhelminthes excretory system	Protnephrindium	124
3283543251	Protnephrindium in flat worms	Little excretion tube	125
3283545935	What kinds of organisms have protnephrindium as excretory system	Phylum platyhelminthes	126
3283549412	Phylum annelida excretory system	Metanephridia	127
3283552832	What kinds of organisms have metanephridida as excretory system	Phylum annelidas	128
3283554963	Metanephridia in round worms	Little excretion tube	129
3283556786	Insects excretory system	Malpighian tube	130
3283563833	What kinds of organisms have Malpighian tube as excretory system	Insects	131
3283566219	Malpighian tube in insects	Little excretion tube with diffusion	132
3283572021	Unfiltered blood enters kidney through	Renal artery	133
3283572022	_________________ enters kidney through renal artery	Unfiltered blood	134
3283572023	Filtered blood leaves kidney through	Renal vein	135
3283572024	_______________ leaves kidney through renal vein	Filtered blood	136
3283572025	filtered blood exits the _________ through the renal vein	Kidney	137
3283572026	Urine exits the kidney through the	Ureter	138
3283572027	______ exits the kidney through the ureter	Urine	139
3283575454	Ureter drains into the	Bladder	140
3283577452	_______ drains into the bladder	Ureter	141
3283579586	Urine exits the bladder through the	Urethra	142
3283582115	______ exits the bladder through the urethra	Urine	143
3283584602	Urine exits the ________ through the urethra	Bladder	144
3283586946	Four key functions of kidney	Filtration reabsorption secretion excretion	145
3283593002	Filtration reabsorption secretion excretion are the	Four key functions of kidney	146
3283594344	Kidney has four	Key functions	147
3283596889	Kidney functions: filtration	Kidney filters water and solutes out of blood	148
3283600195	Kidney functions: reabsorption	Kidney selectively reabsorbs needed water and solutes back into blood	149
3283607116	For reabsorption, kidney uses	Selective reabsoprtion	150
3283622061	Kidney functions: secretion	Kidney secretes unwanted solutes to bladder	151
3283625935	Kidney functions: secretion: kidney pumps out unwanted solutes to	bladder	152
3284867124	kidney functions: secretion: kidney pumps out unwanted solutes to urine using	active transport	153
3284870156	does kidney secretion require active transport	yes	154
3284870157	kidney functions: excretion	kidney excretes concentrated urine to bladder	155
3284873219	mammals have how many kidneys	two	156
3284875833	kidneys have how many regions	two	157
3284877732	two regions of kidney	renal cortex and renal medulla	158
3284879179	renal cortex and renal medulla are the	two regions of kidney	159
3284879180	renal cortex aka	outer region of kidney	160
3284880716	outer region of kidney aka	renal cortex	161
3284882975	renal medulla aka	inner region of kidney	162
3284882976	inner region of kidney aka	renal medulla	163
3284885248	both renal cortex and renal medulla are	packed with nephrons	164
3284887022	are renal cortex and renal medulla packed with nephrons	yes	165
3284887024	nephrons	functional units of kidney	166
3284889349	there are one million nephrons in	each kidney	167
3284890996	how many nephorns in each kidney	one million	168
3284894611	nephrons function	filter h2o and solutes out of blood	169
3284897903	nephrons filter out urea and other solutes like	sugars and salts	170
3284899525	blood plasma is filtered into	nephron	171
3284902204	________________ is filtered into nephron at high pressure	blood plasma	172
3284902205	blood plasma is filtered into nephron at	high pressure	173
3284920530	blood plasma is filtered into nephron at high pressure because it is	coming from arteries (which are built for high pressure pumping of blood)	174
3284924415	nephrons perform	selective reabsorption	175
3284926168	nephrons perform selective reabsorption using	counter current system	176
3284927434	kidney interacts with	circulatory system and excretory system	177
3284930541	does kidney interact with circulatory system and excretory system	yes	178
3284944172	which part of kidney interacts with circulatory system	glomerulus	179
3284944173	glomerulus	ball of capillaries	180
3284945994	ball of capillaries in nephron aka	glomerulus	181
3284945995	glomerulus is basically a	capillary bed	182
3284947765	which parts of kidney interacts with excretory system	all of nephron	183
3284950756	all of neprhon interacts with	excretory system	184
3284956136	parts of nephron	bowman's capsule loop of henle proximal tubule descending limb ascending limb distal tubule collecting duct	185
3284961166	bowman's capsule loop of henle proximal tubule descending limb ascending limb distal tubule collecting duct are the	parts of nephron	186
3284964648	where on nephron is glomerulus located	bowman's capsule	187
3284973323	high blood pressure in nephrons forces filter to	push h2o and solutes out of blood	188
3284976447	high blood pressure in nephrons forces filter to push h2o and solutes out of vessel based on their	size	189
3284976448	nephron filter filters things out based on	size	190
3284978564	hypertension causes	kidney damage	191
3284978565	why does hypertension cause kidney damage	high blood pressure in system becomes super high blood pressure in kidneys	192
3284981623	does hypertension cause kidney damage	yes	193
3284983484	hco3 aka	bicarbonate ion	194
3284983485	bicarbonate ion aka	hco3	195
3284989460	in proximal tubule, what is reabsorbed back into blood	Na Cl H2o glucose hco3	196
3284994045	in proximal tubule, NaCl h2o glucose h2co3 are	reabsorbed	197
3284996867	descending limb is highly permeable to	h2o	198
3284996942	descending limb is not very permeable to	salts	199
3284999832	is descending limb highly permeable to h2o	yes	200
3285001131	is descending limb highly permeable to salts	no	201
3285002906	why is descending limb highly permeable to h2o	lots of aquaporin	202
3285004834	why is descending limb not very permeable to salts	not many salt channels	203
3285007866	in loop of henle, what is reabsorbed	h2o	204
3285009762	ascending limb is not very permeabele to	h2o	205
3285009763	is ascending limb very permeable to h2o	no	206
3285014448	ascending limb is very permeable to	salts	207
3285016208	ascending limb is very permeable to salts and has lots of	chloride pumps	208
3285018845	in proximal tubule, Na+ is reabsorbed by	active transport	209
3285020654	in proximal tubule, Cl- is reabsorbed by	diffusion	210
3285022184	in ascending limb, Cl- is reabsorbed by	active transport	211
3285025057	in proximal tubule, Na+ is reabsorbed by	active transport	212
3285025059	where is Na+ reabsorbed by active transport	proximal tubule	213
3285027920	where is Cl- reabsorbed by active transport	ascending limb	214
3285030101	distal tubule aka	distal convoluted tubule	215
3285031935	distal convoluted tubule aka	distal tubule	216
3285033907	distal tubule reabsorbs	Na Cl h2o hco3	217
3285035519	collecting duct reabsorbs	h2o	218
3285037241	through collecting duct, concentrated urine is	passed to bladder	219
3285040802	through collecting duct, ___________________ is passed to bladder	concentrated urine	220
3285040803	bladder lining	impermeable lining	221
3285042314	why is it good that bladder has an impermeable lining	full of waste	222
3285045065	urine is made up of	all the stuff body doesn't need	223
3285067271	nephrons use __________ instead of active transport whenever possible	diffusion	224
3285068673	nephrons use diffusion instead of __________________ whenever possible	active transport	225
3285068740	nephrons use diffusion instead of active transport	whenever possible	226
3285073030	nephrons use diffusion instead of active transport whenever possible to	save energy	227
3285077375	how do nephrons maximize use of diffusion	counter current system	228
3285079996	blood in nephrons and blood outside nephrons flow in	opposite directions	229
3285083425	blood in nephrons and blood outside nephrons flow in opposite directions to create	constant diffusion gradient	230
3285090776	what things are not filtered out of blood at kidney	cells and proteins	231
3285090777	cells and proteins are	not filtered out	232
3285094295	cells and proteins aren't filtered out because	they are too big	233
3285096581	what things are reabsorbed to blood by active transport	Na Cl amino acids glucose	234
3285098153	Na Cl amino acids glucose are reabsorbed to blood by	active transport	235
3285100852	what things are reabsorbed to blood by diffusion	Na Cl h2o	236
3285104797	Na Cl h2o are reabsorbed to blood by	diffusion	237
3285104798	what things are excreted by kidney	urea excess h2o excess solutes toxins	238
3285107120	urea excess h2o excess solutes toxins are	excreted by kidney	239
3285109351	examples of toxins that kidney would excrete	drugs	240
3285112265	high blood osmolarity level	less water more solute (too many solutes in blood)	241
3285115395	what things cause high blood osmolarity	dehydration sweating salty diet diarrhea	242
3285119121	dehydration salty diet sweating diarrhea cause	high blood osmolarity	243
3285125015	to deal with high blood osmolarity, pituitary gland releases	ADH	244
3285125016	ADH aka	antidiuretic hormone	245
3285126889	antidiuretic hormone aka	ADH	246
3285126890	ADH makes you	not pee	247
3285130265	to deal with high blood osmolarity, _________________ releases ADH	pituitary gland	248
3285134225	to deal with high blood osmolarity, pituitary gland releases ADH, which	increases thirst	249
3285136471	to deal with high blood osmolarity, pituitary gland releases ADH, which increases thirst, which	increases water consumption	250
3285142728	to deal with high blood osmolarity, pituitary gland releases ADH, which increases thirst, which increases water consumption, which	decreases blood osmolarity	251
3285144767	alcohol inhibits	ADH	252
3285144768	what inhibits ADH	alcohol	253
3285146700	alcohol inhibits ADH, causing	excessive urination	254
3285148804	alcohol inhibits ADH, causing excessive urination and	extreme dehydration	255
3285153728	low blood osmolarity causes	low blood pressure	256
3285153729	low blood pressure aka	low blood osmolarity	257
3285155997	to deal with low blood osmolarity, JGA releases	renin protein	258
3285158251	JGA aka	juxtaglomerular apparatus	259
3285160020	juxtaglomerular apparatus aka	JGA	260
3285162085	renin protein job	converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin	261
3285163986	who converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin	renin protein	262
3285198130	to deal with low blood osmolarity, JGAn releases renin protein, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin, which causes	arterioles to constrict	263
3285198131	angiotensin causes	arterioles to constrict	264
3285202207	to deal with low blood osmolarity, JGAn releases renin protein, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin, which causes arterioles to constrict, which	increases blood pressure	265
3285203705	anginotensin also triggers	release of aldosterone	266
3285209155	anginotensin also triggers release of aldosterone from	adrenal gland	267
3285209156	adrenal gland is	hat of kidney	268
3285209283	hat of kidney aka	adrenal gland	269
3285220639	to deal with low blood osmolarity, anginotensin triggers release of aldosterone, which increases	reabsorption of NaCl and H2o (in kidneys)	270
3285222205	aldosterone increases	reabsorption of NaCl and H2o	271
3285228479	to deal with low blood osmolarity, anginotensin triggers release of aldosterone, which increases reabsorption of Nacl and H2o, which increases	blood osmolarity	272
3289856112	Does ADH increase thirst	Yes	273
3289856271	ADH increases	Thirst	274
3289856415	Descending limb is permeable to	H2o	275
3289856505	Ascending limb is permeable to	Salts	276
3289865513	What triggers release of aldosterone	Angiotensin	277
3294285999	JGA and renin protein help fix	low blood osmolarity	278
3294287797	ADH helps with	high blood osmolarity	279
3294302231	path of urine in body	kidney ureter bladder urethra	280
3294302232	kidney ureter bladder urethra aka	path of urine in body	281
3294305192	why is ascending limb not very permeable to h2o	not many aquaporins	282
3294422809	what hormone increases reabsorption of Na Cl H2o?	aldosterone	283
3294430686	name three places counter current takes place	fish gills nephron alveoli	284
3294430687	fish gills nephron alveoli are all home to	counter current systems	285