Biology Flashcards

3318248011	Properties of the combinations of Carbon and Hydrogen	-Nonpolar -Not soluble in H2O -Hydrophobic -Stable	0
3318249408	Organic molecules	Molecules of life and are built around chains of carbon	1
3318250257	Testosterone	Primary sex characteristics (male/female parts, sex drive, production of sperm) Secondary sex characteristics (more hair, more muscle tone)	2
3321592857	Hydroxl	OH	3
3321593758	Carbonyl	C=O	4
3321594816	Carboxyl	COOH	5
3321596818	Amine	NH2	6
3321597867	Sulfhydryl	SH	7
3321599346	Phosphate	PO4	8
3318253481	Estradiol	Uterus lining thickness, egg formtation	9
3318254663	Macro-molecules	Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Nucleic Acids	10
3318256043	Polymer	Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain	11
3318257199	Monomers	Building blocks, repeated small units, covalent bonds	12
3318257959	Condensation Reaction	Take out water in order to build a compound	13
3318260145	Anabolism	The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules (joins monomers by taking h2o out, requires energy and enzymes)	14
3318262659	Hydrolysis Reaction	Put in water in order to break down a compound into a single substance	15
3318264720	Catabolism	The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules (requires enzymes, and releases energy)	16
3318267176	Metabolism	The web of all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism (catabolism+anabolism)	17
3318269947	Carbohydrate Functions	Quick energy Energy storage Structure	18
3318272473	Difference between aldehyde and ketone?	The positioning of the c=o	19
3318273326	Monosacchrides	-Glucose -Galactose -Ribose -Fructose	20
3318274574	Disaccharides	Maltose (glucose + glucose) Lactose (glucose + galactose) Sucrose (glucose + fructose)	21
3318281140	Polysaccharides	Cellulose Starch Glycogen Chitin	22
3318283325	Cellulose	-Unbranched beta-glucose -Linear -1,4 glycosidic linkage -Structural material in cell wall of plants -Rigid	23
3318287125	Starch	Energy storage in plans a-glucos Amylose - Unbranched -1,4 glycosidic linkage -Slow release -Helix Amylopectin -Branched -1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic linkage -Helix	24
3318294157	Glycogen	-alpha glucose -highly branched -helix 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic linkage -quick release -storage in animals	25
3318297395	Highly branched	More enzymes can attach to the molecule which means faster reaction	26
3318299741	Lipids	-fats (nonpolar) -phospholipids -steroids	27
3318300440	Lipid Function	-Long-term energy storage -Cushions organs -Insulates body	28
3318305509	Saturated Fats	-All C bonded to H -Max number of hydrogens -No double bonds (C=O) -Straight and long -Solid at room temp	29
3318310151	Unsaturated fats	-Double bonds (C=O) -Liquid at room temp -Bent	30
3318317517	Phospholipid Structure	Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4 (negative charge) -Makes the cell membrane	31
3318320395	Phospholipid hydrophobic or philic?	-Fatty acid tails = hydrophobic -PO4 head = hydrophilic -Makes the phospholipid bi-layer	32
3318332688	Building Fats	3 fatty acids linked to glycerol with an ester linkage between OH and COOH	33
3318338009	Steroids	4 fused C rings + (depends on what comes off the steroid) different functional groups to rings	34
3318340212	Cholesterol	High level in blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease	35
3318342864	What is cholesterol used for?	-Cell components -Animal cell membranes -Precursor of all other steroids	36
3318345099	Protein Functions	Catalysis, cytoskeleton, tensile strengthening, blood clotting, transportation, cell adhesion, membrane transport, hormones, receptors, immunity, packing of DNA	37
3318351928	Catalysis	A substance that increases the rate of reaction without altering anything else. It is not used up during the reaction, and can be used over and over again.	38
3318353147	Cytoskeleton	a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.	39
3318354323	Tensile strengthening	Fibrous proteins. Strengthens ligaments, tendons, skin and blood vessel walls (collagen)	40
3318356426	Blood clotting	Fibrin and Thrombin are used for blood clottin g	41
3318357864	Transport	Hemoglobin transports O2 and CO2	42
3318358686	Cell adhesion	Proteins on the membrane cause cell to attach to each other within tissues	43
3318361171	Membrane transport	Are used for active transport, electron transport, facilitated diffusion	44
3318363023	Hormones	Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues (insulin)	45
3318371499	Receptors	Special structures located on the membranes for hormones that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment	46
3318374704	Immunity	A condition of being able to resist a particular disease, especially through preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products.	47
3318376445	Packing of DNA	During mitosis	48
3318378494	Monomer of protein	Amino acid (20 diff amino acids)	49
3318380453	Polymer of protein	Polypeptide (can be more than one polypeptide)	50
3318382841	Amino acid structure	Central carbon, amino acid group, carboxyl (C=O), R group	51
3318384932	What does the R group of an amino acid do?	It is different for each amino acid, and it confers unique chemical property and function	52
3318387113	Nonpolar amino acids (hydrocarbon)	-Glycine -Alanine -Valine -Leucine	53
3318388799	Polar amino acids	-Serine (O2) -Theorine (O2) -Cysteine -Tyrosine (O2) -Asparagine (O2)	54
3318392739	Sulfur containing amino acids	Form disulfide bridges (covalent cross links between sulfhydryls)	55
3318398353	Peptide bonds	Covalent bonds between NH2 of one amino acid and COOH of another amino acid	56
3318401466	Proteomes	All of the proteins produced by a cell, tissue, organism (what gene produced what protein)	57
3318406558	Unfolding a protein (denaturing)	COnditions that disturb pH, Hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges	58
3318408657	What denatures a protein	-Temperature -pH -Salinity	59
3318410907	What does denaturing do?	Alters secondary and tertiary structure, and destroys functionality	60
3318413378	Amino acid sequence	Amino acid sequence is coded for by the genes	61
3318414023	Examples of protein	Rubisco, Insulin, Immoglobin, Rhodopsin, Collagen, Spider Silk	62
3318416624	Rubisco	Captures CO2 in plants	63
3318418080	Insulin	A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues	64
3318418912	Immoglobin	Antibodies, they bing/tag antigens that are foreign from pathogens (immune system)	65
3318420360	Rhodopsin	Pigment found in the eye that absorbs light	66
3318421555	Collagen	Fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength	67
3318422992	Spider Silk	structural protein that is used to make webs to catch preys.	68
3318445673	Chemical reactions that release energy	Exergonic, digesting polymers, hydrolysis= catabolism	69
3318448326	Chemical reactions that require energy	Endergonic, building polymers, condensation= anabolism	70
3318450275	Exergonic reaction	Energy is released	71
3318454544	Endergonic reaciton	Energy is needed	72
3318463681	Activation Energy	Amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecules (moves the reaction over an energy level)	73
3318470868	Reducing activation energy	Catalysts - Reducing the amount of energy to start a reaction make it react faster	74
3318475250	Enzymes	Increase rate of reaction without being consumed and reduce the activation energy without changing the free energy released or required	75
3318479115	Substrate	Reactant which binds to enzyme	76
3318480656	Product	End result of a reaction	77
3318481248	Active site	Enzyme's catalytic site; substrate fits into active site	78
3318488164	Properties of enzymes	-Reaction specific -Not consumed in reaction -Affected by cellular conditions	79
3318490161	Reaction specific (enzyme)	Each enzyme works with a specific substrate	80
3318490747	Not consumed in reaction (enzymes)	Single enzyme molecules can catalyze thousands or more reactions per second	81
3318493356	Affected by cellular conditions (enzymes)	Any condition that affects protein structure (temp, pH, salinity)	82
3318494847	Naming conventions (enzymes)	Enzymes are named for reaction they catalyze (-ase)	83
3318496425	Lock and Key Model	Simplistic model of enzyme action	84
3318497900	Induced Fit Model	More accurate model of enzyme action, substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape in active site leading to a tighter fit	85
3318506317	Synthesis (enzymes)	Active site orients substrate in correct position for reaction	86
3318507104	Digestion (enzymes)	Active site bind substrate and puts stress on bonds that must be broken, making it easier to separate molecules	87
3318508792	Factors that affect enzyme functions	Enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, activators, inhibitors	88
3318524701	Enzyme concentration (enzymes)	As enzyme increases, reaction rate increases, more enzyme =more frequently collide with substrate	89
3318528136	Enzyme concentration reaction rate levels off	Substrate becomes limiting factor, not all enzymes molecules can find substrate	90
3318529892	Substrate concentration (enzymes)	As substrate increases, reaction rate increases, more substrate = more frequently collide with enzyme	91
3318532519	Substrate concentration reaction rate levels off	all enzymes have active site engaged, all enzymes are saturated, max rate of reaction (only certain amount of active sites)	92
3318535474	Temperature (enzymes)	Depending on the temperature, the enzyme is going to denature or the molecules will move slower	93
3318539009	Optimum temp (enzymes)	Greatest number of molecular collisions (human enzymes = 35 C- 40 C)	94
3318542489	Heat: increase beyond optimum temp (enzymes)	Denatures- increased energy level of molecules disrupts bonds in enzyme and between enzyme and substrate	95
3318548595	Cold: decrease temp (enzymes)	Molecules move slower, decrease collisions between enzyme and substrate	96
3318550083	pH (enzymes)	Depending on the level of pH the enzyme will denature or not	97
3318551926	Changes in pH (enzymes)	adds or removes hydrogens, disturbs bonds between the amino acids, denature the protein	98
3318555170	Optimal pH (enzymes)	Most humans = pH 6-8 Pepsin = pH 2-3 (stomach) Trypsin = pH 8 (small intestine)	99
3318557511	Salinity (enzymes)	Changes in salinity will add or remove cations and anions and disrupt bonds	100
3318563624	Activators (help) (enzymes)	Cofactors- nonprotein and small inorganic compounds and ions Coenzymes- nonprotein organic molecules that bind temporarily or perminatly to enzyme	101
3318568478	Inhibitors (regulate enzymes) (enzymes)	Molecules that reduce enzyme activity -competitive inhibitions -noncompetitive inhibitions -irreversible inhibitions -feedback inhibitions	102
3318574554	Competitive inhibitions (enzymes)	Inhibitor and substrate "compete" for active site (penicillin- blocks enzyme bacteria used to build cell walls) (disulfiram- treats chronic alcoholism) over come by increasing substrate concentration	103
3318579839	Noncompetitive inhibitions (enzymes)	Inhibitor binds to site other than active site	104
3318586314	Irreversible inhibition (enzymes)	Inhibitor permanently binds to enzyme	105
3318588061	Irreversible inhibitions types (enzymes)	Competitor- permenently binds to active site Allosteric- permenantly binds to allosteric site and changes shape on enzyme	106
3320935349	Allosteric Regulation	Conformational changes by regulatory molecule	107
3320937103	Inhibitors (enzymes)	Keep enzyme in inactive form	108
3320937955	Activators (enzymes)	keep enzyme in active form	109
3320943134	Feedback Inhibition	Regulation and coordination of production	110
3320949230	Feedback inhibition procedure	Product is used by next step in pathway, final product in inhibitor of earlier step, not unnecessary accumulation of product	111
3320956280	Metabolic Pathways	Chemical reactions of life are organized in pathways	112
3320957931	What metabolic pathways do?	Divide chemical reaction into many small steps	113
3320958700	Lactose free milk	Sweeter than regular milk, monossaccharides are sweeter than dissaccharides and polymers, often times use lactose free milk to make ice cream because it has less ice crystals	114
3320962827	How lactase breaks down lactose	Lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, by pouring lactose into a container filled with lactase gelatin beads which then breaks it down.	115
3321450050	HONC?	Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon	116
3321453209	Chemical re-activity	Atoms tend to complete/empty a partially fill valance shell	117
3321455291	Hydrogen bonds	Weak bonds, attraction between (+) and (-)	118
3321458381	Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions	Interactions with H2O	119
3321459258	Van derWaals forces	ionic	120
3321460196	Covalent bonds	Atoms sharing electrons to make it strong and stable (forms molecules)	121
3321462571	Nonpolar covalent bonds	Pair of electrons shared equally by 2 atoms	122
3321463659	Polar covalent bonds	Pair of electrons shared unequally by 2 atoms (water- oxygen has a stronger attraction for the electrons than hydrogen)	123
3321467501	Hydrogen Bonding	Polar water creates molecular attractions, it is a weak bond	124
3321469019	Chemistry of water	H2O molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and create sticky molecules	125
3321470445	Properties of water	Cohesion and adhesion, universal solvent, ice floats, high specific heat, heat of vaporization,	126
3321474362	Cohesion	Water sticks to itself	127
3321475125	Adhesion	Water sticks to other polar substances	128
3321476361	Surface tension	Because of cohesion water sticks to itself which allows the surface tension to be hard to break	129
3321477936	Capillary action	Because of cohesion and adhesion water is able to move up against gravity	130
3321480059	Real world connection for adhesion and cohesion	When water moves up the roots of a plant through the xylem vessels to get to the leaves to make photosynthesis.	131
3321482129	Universal solvent	Polarity makes water a good solvent which means solvents dissolve solutes creating solutions	132
3321484018	Real world connection for universal solvent	Water transports nutrients in your body through your blood (glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen, sodium chloride in blood)	133
3321485840	Hydrophilic	Do attract to water (polar)	134
3321486453	Hydrophobic	Don't attract to water (non-polar)	135
3321487620	Ice floats	Water in solid form is less dense than water at liquid form (H bonds form a crystal)	136
3321490739	Use for ice floats	Surface ice insulates water below allowing life to survive the winter	137
3321493790	Use for ice floats #2	If ice sank, it would kill all marine life and freeze solid	138
3321495432	High specific heat	Water resists changes in temperature (takes a lot to heat it up and cool it down)	139
3321496252	How does high specific heat work?	Energy absorbed when hydrogen bonds are broken	140
3321498508	Real world connection for high specific heat	Moderates temperatures in the ocean and then that causes the moderation of temperature on Earth	141
3321500344	Heat of vaporization	Cooling system allows people to sweat the heat off	142
3321502740	Water vs Methane	water absorbs a lot of energy, while methane doesn't absorb a lot of energy	143
3321507057	Water and pH	neutral = 7, acidic = 1-7, basic = 7-14	144
3321508870	Buffers	It reserves the amount of hydrogen, it can either add or subtract hydrogen from the solution to keep it at a regular pH	145
3321511181	What is vitalism?	The belief that organic matter cannot be made by non organic matter	146
3321513300	Who falsified it?	Wolher, by synthesizing urea (found in urine)	147
3321514675	Paradigm shift	Idea change after prove it false	148
3321516804	Draw a saturated fatty acid		149
3321517369	Draw a unsaturated fatty acid		150
3321517393	Draw an amino acid		151
3321518026	Draw a D-ribose		152
3321519210	Draw a-glucose		153
3321519652	Draw b-glucose		154
3321524027	B plated sheet		155
3321528663	Molecular composition diagram for sugar		156
3321534891	Molecular diagram for lipids		157
3321535876	Trans and cis fatty acids	Unsaturated fatty acids can exist as trans and cis isomers	158
3321536735	Trans fats	Not beneficial for human health, artificially made by pumping in hydrogen, packs together more tightly, increases risk of coronary heart disease	159
3321539563	Hydrogen location on the trans fats	Hydrogen is located on the opposite side of the double bond producing a straight molecule	160
3321540884	Cis fats	More natural than trans fats, pack less tightly	161
3321542632	Hydrogen location on the cis fats	Have hydrogen on the same side of the double bond making the molecule bend	162
3321544938	Molecular diagram for polypeptide		163