Campbell-Biology-in-Focus Chapter-1 Flashcards

3665210712	adapted	Matched to the local environment.	0
3665210713	evolution	Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.	1
3665210714	biology	The scientific study of life.	2
3665210715	reductionism	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	3
3665210716	biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	4
3665210717	ecosystem	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them.	5
3665210718	community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	6
3665210719	population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	7
3665210720	organism	An individual living thing.	8
3665210721	organ	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	9
3665210722	organ system	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	10
3665210723	tissue	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	11
3665210724	cell	Life's fundamental unit of structure and function.	12
3665210725	organelle	Any of several kinds of membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	13
3665210726	molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	14
3665210727	atom	The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.	15
3665210728	emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	16
3665210729	systems biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	17
3665210730	eukaryotic cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles and include protists, plants, fungi, and animals.	18
3665210731	prokaryotic cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles and include bacteria and archaea.	19
3665210732	DNA	A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	20
3665210733	replication	The process of copying DNA before a cell divides.	21
3665210734	gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	22
3665210735	gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	23
3665210736	genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	24
3665210737	genomics	The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species.	25
3665210738	bioinformatics	The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.	26
3665210739	Bacteria	One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea.	27
3665210740	Archaea	One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria.	28
3665210741	Eukarya	The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.	29
3665210742	natural selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	30
3665210743	science	An approach to understanding the natural world.	31
3665210744	inquiry	The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.	32
3665210745	data	Recorded observations.	33
3665210746	qualitative data	A type of recorded observation that is descriptive and not numerical.	34
3665210747	quantitative data	A type of recorded observation that is numerical and often organized into tables and graphs.	35
3665210748	inductive reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.	36
3665210749	hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. Narrower in scope than theory.	37
3665210750	deductive reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	38
3665210751	controlled experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	39
3665210752	theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	40
3665210753	technology	The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research.	41