The biology of behaviour Flashcards
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| 4135159985 | Neurons | Transmit information around the brain and body. Base units of the nervours system | 0 | |
| 4135159986 | Sensory | Transmit information from sensory receptors in the body to the brain ▪aka Afferent neurons ('going to' the brain) ▪Sensory receptors: receive sensory information from the world | 1 | |
| 4135159987 | Motor | Transmit information (commands) from the brain to muscles and glands in the body ▪aka Efferent neurons ('going away from' the brain) | 2 | |
| 4135159988 | Inter (Interneurons) | Interconnecting neurons ▪Connects neurons with one another ▪Most of the brain and spinal cord is comprised of interneurons | 3 | |
| 4135159989 | Dendrites | Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive information (electrical impulses) from other adjacent neurones | 4 | |
| 4135159990 | Cell body | -Includes the nucleus which carries the chromosomes (DNA; genes) of the cell -The nucleus determines whether it will fire the impulse it has received from the dendrites to another neurons | 5 | |
| 4135159991 | Axon | -A long extension of the cell body that transmits the electrical impulse to the terminal buttons -Extends from the axon hillock to the ends of any collateral branches | 6 | |
| 4135159992 | Myelin sheath | A coat of mostly fatty cells ('lipids') that speedens transmission along the axon -Aka 'white matter' (Cf. 'grey matter' = dendrites, cell bodies and unmyelinated axons) -Multiple sclerosis occurs when there is low white matter | 7 | |
| 4135159993 | Node of Ranvier | Spaces in the myelin sheath that also assist in speedy transmission | 8 | |
| 4135159994 | Terminal buttons | Release the travelling electrical impulse into the synapse | 9 | |
| 4135159995 | Synapses | The space between two adjacent neurons | 10 | |
| 4135159996 | Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that transmit the electrical impulse across the synapse | 11 | |
| 4135159997 | Synaptic vesicles | Found in the terminal buttons, stores chemicals for Neurotransmitters. | 12 | |
| 4135159998 | Receptors | Molecules on the postsynaptic membrane that Neurotransmitters can bind to ▪Neurotransmitters are like 'keys' and receptors are like 'locks' | 13 | |
| 4135159999 | Nervous system | Provides the biological basis ('substrate') for psychological experience | 14 | |
| 4135160000 | Peripheral (PNS) | Carries information to and from the CNS; works with peripheral parts of the body (e.g. limbs) | 15 | |
| 4135160001 | Central (CNS) | Directs psychological and basic life processes; responds to stimuli | 16 | |
| 4135160002 | Spinal cord | Receives sensory input; sends information to the brain; responds with motor output (e.g. tells limbs to move) | 17 | |
| 4135160003 | Brain | Directs psychological activity; processes information sent from the spinal cord; maintains life supports | 18 | |
| 4135160004 | Parts of Brain | Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain | 19 | |
| 4135160005 | Somatic (voluntary) NS | Conveys sensory information to the CNS and sends motor messages to muscles | 20 | |
| 4135160006 | Autonomic (ANS) | Serves basic life functions, e.g. heartbeat and response to stress | 21 | |
| 4135160007 | Sympathetic NS Emergency system | Readies the body in response to threat/stress (e.g. 'fight or flight'); activates the organism | 22 | |
| 4135160008 | Parasympathetic NS Maintenance system | Maintains basic life functions, e.g. breathing, heartbeat, digestion, energy ('housekeeping'); calms the body down | 23 | |
| 4135160009 | Hindbrain | 1. Medulla oblongata: Basic life functions (extension of spine - regulates heart beat, breathing etc) 2. Cerebellum: Movement 3. Reticular formation: conscious arousal 4. Pons: Sleep (links medulla, cerebellum & recticular formation) | 24 | |
| 4135160010 | Midbrain | Plays important role in learning to produce behaviours that minimise unpleasant (aversive) consequences and maximise pleasant (rewarding) consequences 1. Tectum: Vision and hearing 2. Tegmentum: Movement and arousal | 25 | |
| 4135160011 | Forebrain | Hypothalamus, Thalamus,Cerebrum | 26 | |
| 4135160012 | Cerebrum | Responsible for complex information processing Two parts: A.Subcortical structures ('inner cerebrum') B.Cerebral cortex ('outer cerebrum | 27 | |
| 4135160013 | Thalamus | Sensory regulation: Receives sensory information and routes it to appropriate parts of the brain for processing •E.g. visual, auditory, taste and touch | 28 | |
| 4135160014 | Hypothalamus | Homeostasis: Regulates the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems to maintain relative stability •E.g. eating, sleeping, sexual activity and emotional experiences | 29 | |
| 4135160015 | Subcortical cerebrum | Basal ganglia and Limbic system | 30 | |
| 4135160016 | Limbic system | Mostly involved in emotion and memory | 31 | |
| 4135160017 | Basal Ganglia | Mostly involved in the control of movement | 32 | |
| 4135160018 | Cerebral cortex | Primary areas and Association areas | 33 | |
| 4135160019 | Primary areas | Responsible for initial/simple cortical processing of sensory information | 34 | |
| 4135160020 | Association areas | Involved in more complex mental processes/ information processing •E.g. perceptions, ideas, plans | 35 | |
| 4135160021 | Occipital lobe | -At the back of the brain -Processes visual information | 36 | |
| 4135160022 | Parietal lobe | Processes touch and spatial orientation -e.g. locating objects and their relationship | 37 | |
| 4135160023 | Frontal lobe | Responsible for cognition -Movement, attention, planning, social skills, abstract thinking, memory, personality | 38 | |
| 4135160024 | Temporal lobe | Responsible for: -Hearing and language -Concrete and abstract information processing | 39 | |
| 4135160025 | Right hemisphere | Creativity: Non-linguistic functions e.g. processing musical sounds | 40 | |
| 4135160026 | Left hemisphere | Language, logic, analytical thought -Complex motor behaviour -Aspects of consciousness (esp. verbal) | 41 | |
| 4135160027 | Corpus callosum | Band of neural fibres that connect/bridge the right and left hemispheres | 42 | |
| 4135160028 | Cerebral lateralisation | Specialisation of cortical functions ▪The hemispheres in males are more lateralised (or 'specialised') than in females ▪That is, left and right hemispheric functions are more integrated in females | 43 | |
| 4135160029 | Split-brain patients | When the corpus callosum is cut ▪No integration of left and right hemispheric functions ▪As if there are 'two minds' in the brain | 44 | |
| 4135160030 | Phineas Gage | Frontal lobe damage and personality | 45 | |
| 4135160031 | Behavioural genetics | The study of the extent to which human psychology (mental processes and behaviour) is the result of genetic factors ('nature') or environmental factors ('nurture') | 46 | |
| 4135160032 | Monozygotic twins | Identical ▪Degree of relatedness = 1.0 ('genotypically identical') •Degree of relatedness: the probability (or chance) of sharing the same gene with a relative | 47 | |
| 4135160033 | Dizygotic twins | Fraternal ▪Degree of relatedness = 0.5 ('genotypically similar') | 48 | |
| 4135160034 | Twin and adoption studies | Help tease out their relative roles of influence | 49 | |
| 4135160035 | Phenotypic similarity | How similar people 'appear' on psychological characteristics (e.g. intelligence, extroversion, depression, etc.) | 50 | |
| 4135160036 | Heritability | The degree to which variability in a psychological characteristic (e.g. intelligence, personality) is due to genetics | 51 | |
| 4135207435 | Septal area | Involved in emotionally-significant learning (e.g. how to obtain pleasure or relief from pain)- Limbic system | 52 | |
| 4135207436 | Amygdala | Involved in emotionally-significant learning and remembering (e.g. recognition of fear in other people)-Limbic system | 53 | |
| 4135207437 | Hippocampus | Involved in encoding (or 'storing') experiences and information into memory-Limbic system | 54 |