Campbell Essential Biology, 6th Edition, Chapter 6 Flashcards

3898089516	when there is enough oxygen reaching your cells to support their energy needs, ___________ is said to be ______________	metabolism; aerobic	0
3898093726	aerobic capacity	the maximum rate at which O2 can be taken in and used by your muscle cells (the most strenuous activity that your body can maintain aerobically)	1
3898112203	photosynthesis	the process where plants convert the energy of sunlight to the chemical energy of sugars and other organic molecules	2
3898134744	autotrophs	organisms that make all their own organic matter from nutrients that are completely inorganic; "self-feeders"	3
3898147666	____________, _____________, __________, & __________ are four examples of the organic matter made by autotrophs	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids	4
3898122580	heterotrophs	organisms that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones	5
3898159928	heterotrophs get their food by _____________ in order to _______________	eating organic material; get nutrients and provide energy for life's processes	6
3898168165	producers	autotrophs	7
3898168166	consumers	heterotrophs	8
3898179511	when your muscle cells don't have sufficient O2 they _____________________	switch to an "emergency mode"	9
3898184909	when your muscle cells switch into "emergency mode" they __________________	break down glucose very ineffectively and produce lactic acids as a by-product, causing impaired muscle activity	10
3898203318	the chemical ingredients for photosynthesis are _____________ & ____________	carbon dioxide (CO2) & water (H2O)	11
3898212230	carbon dioxide's role in photosynthesis	it is a gas that passes from the air into a plant via tiny pores	12
3898214374	water's role in photosynthesis	it is absorbed from the soil by the plant's roots	13
3898219668	chloroplasts	organelles inside leaf cells that use light energy to rearrange the atoms of CO2 and H2O to produce sugars	14
3898231499	glucose	C6-H12-O6	15
3898236423	oxygen gas (O2)	a by-product of photosynthesis that is released through pores into the atmosphere	16
3898250417	energy flows through the ecosystem by:	entering as sunlight and exiting as heat	17
3898260337	cellular respiration is a(n) ________ process	aerobic	18
3898261646	cellular respiration	the aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules	19
3898626208	how breathing and cellular respiration are similar when it comes to O2?	when breathing, you inhale O2 and it is delivered to your cells where it is used in cellular respiration	20
3898637354	how breathing and cellular respiration are similar when it comes to CO2?	CO2 is a waste product of cellular respiration and, when discarded, it diffuses from your cells to your blood and travels to your lungs, where it is exhaled	21
3898647553	the "simple" name for glucose, which is a simple sugar, is ____________	monosaccharide	22
3898657499	__________, the _____________, & ____________ are the three main stages of the many chemical reactions that make up cellular respiration	glycolysis, citric acid cycle, & electron transport	23
3898665981	glycolysis begins respiration by breaking down ____________ into two molecules of a __ -carbon molecule called __________	glucose; 3; pyruvate	24
3898674836	the enzymes for glycolysis are located in the __________	cytoplasm	25
3898679656	another name for the citric acid cycle is ____________	the Krebs cycle	26
3898682016	citric acid cycle	completes the breakdown of glucose all the way down to CO2, which is then released as a waste product	27
3898689497	the enzymes for the citric acid cycle are dissolved in _______________	the fluid within mitochondria	28
3898694569	glycolysis and the citric acid cycle directly generate a _____________	small amount of ATP	29
3911829170	the net energy yield of the citric acid cycle per molecule of glucose	2 ATP, 2 FADN^2, 6 NADH	30
3898703703	glycolysis and the citric acid cycle generate a lot of ATP indirectly via _________________________________	reactions that transfer electrons from fuel molecules to a molecule called NAD+	31
3898714293	NAD+ molecules are made by _______ from _________________	cells; niacin (a B vitamin)	32
3898724970	electron transport takes place in ___________	the inner membrane of the mitochondria	33
3898728464	electron transport	electrons captures from food by NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are gradually stripped of their energy until they are finally combines with oxygen to make water	34
3898750288	the main function of cellular respiration is to ________________________	generate ATP for cellular work	35
3898753904	the process of cellular respiration produces around ___ ATP molecules for _________________	32-34; each glucose molecule consumed	36
3898758842	the electron transport is also known as the ____ and _________________	ETC, oxidative phosphorylation	37
3911692387	dehydrogenase	the enzyme that removes hydrogen from an organic molecule	38
3911703509	dehydrogenase requires a coenzyme called __________ to _____________________	NAD+ ; shuttle electrons	39
3911742191	in glycolysis, two molecules of ATP are produced by _______________________	substrate-phosphorilation	40
3911751687	when substrate-phosphorilation in glycolysis occurs, ________________________________________	an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, forming ATP	41
3911765709	the ATP from substrate-phosphorilation can be used immediately, but _____________ must be transported through the electron transport chain to generate additional ATP	NADH	42
3911774163	oxidation	the loss of electrons	43
3911775763	reduction	the gain of electrons	44
3911779189	oxidation-reduction	the movement of electrons	45
3911780980	oxidation-reduction is also known as __________________	redox reaction	46
3911878002	fermentation	an aerobic energy-generating process	47
3911883593	fermentation takes advantage of ______________	glycolysis	48
3911888291	fermentation produces ______________________	two ATP molecules	49
3911894024	fermentation reduces _________________	NAD+ to NADH	50
3911931592	_____________, ____________, & _______________ are the three different categories of cellular poisons that affect cellular respiration	blocks the electron transport chain, inhibits ATP synthase, & makes the membrane leaky to hydrogen ions	51
3922497929	net energy yield of the citric acid cycle per molecule of glucose	6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP	52
3922497930	1st step for pryuvate production	2 NAD+ reduced to 2 molecules of NADH	53
3922497931	2nd step for pryuvate production	2 molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-phosphorylation	54
3922497932	for each starting molecule of glucose, 2 molecules of pryuvic acid go through what step	product per molecule of glucose is 2 molecules of CO2, 2 NADH, and two acetyl CoA	55
3922497933	in the citric Aric cycle, the derivatives of the original glucose molecule are ________	oxidized	56
3922497934	on reaching the ETC, the electron carriers _____ and _____ are _______ by molecules in the chain	NADH, FADH2, oxidized	57
3922497935	the last electron acceptor in the ECT is ______	oxygen	58
3922497936	the energy payoff of cellular respiration involves ____, ______, ____, and _______	glycolysis, alteration of pryuvate, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation	59
3922497937	the total yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule has a maximum of	38	60
3922497938	three sources of molecules for generation of ATP	carbs, proteins, and fats	61