Prescott's Microbiology Chapters 6-8 Flashcards

3606748188	Viruses	Can exist intracellularly OR extracellularly.	0
3606748189	Inactive	When viruses are extracellular, they are this.	1
3606748190	Intracellular	When viruses exist primarily as replicating nucleic acids	2
3606748191	Virions	Complete virus particle	3
3606748192	Bacteriophages	Viruses that infect bacteria	4
3606748193	Nucleocapsid	Simplest virion; nucleic acid + capsid	5
3606748194	Capsid	Coating that protects the genome	6
3606748195	Helical capsids	Hollow tubes with protein walls (ex. TMV)	7
3606748196	Icosahedral capids	Regular polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular faces + 12 vertices	8
3606748197	Capsomers	Ring-shaped, morphological unit of which Icosahedral capsids are constructed	9
3606748198	Pentamers	Have 5 protomer	10
3606748199	Hexamers	Have 6 protomer	11
3606748200	Protomers	Capsid proteins	12
3606748201	Envelope	Outer membranous layer	13
3606748202	Peptomers	Scientific name for "spikes". Can be used for attachment to host cell.	14
3606748203	Viral genomes	dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA	15
3606748204	3,000-4,000	How many nucleotides does a small virus have?	16
3606748205	1.2x10^6	How many nucleotides does a large virus have?	17
3606748206	Attachment	First step in viral multiplication	18
3606748207	Entry into the host	Second step in viral multiplication	19
3606748208	Synthesis stage	Third step in viral multiplication	20
3606748209	Assembly	Fourth step in viral multiplication	21
3606748210	Virion release	Last step in viral multiplication	22
3606748211	Virulent	Begin multiplying immediately upon entering the host, then release by lysis	23
3606748212	Temperate	Have 2 options: 1. Enter host cell, multiply like virulent, and burst cell. (LYTIC) 2. Remain within host without destroying it. (LYSOGENIC)	24
3606748213	Prophage	Form of the virus that remains within the host cell	25
3606748214	Lysogenic conversion	When a temperate phage changes the phenotype of its host	26
3606748215	Cytopathic effects	Degenerative changes/abnormalities in host cells and tissues that are distinct from lysis.	27
3606748216	Tumor	Growth or lump of tissue resulting from neoplasia	28
3606748217	Neoplasia	Unregulated, abnormal, new cell growth and reproduction	29
3606748218	Anaplasia	Invasive growth that forms unorganized cell masses	30
3606748219	Benign tumor	Tumors that remain in place	31
3606748220	Malignant tumor	Tumors that spread throughout the body	32
3606748221	Oncogenes	A gene that has the potential to cause cancer	33
3606748222	Oncoviruses	Viruses associated with cancer	34
3606748223	Viroids	Infectious agents that only have RNA and cause plant diseases	35
3606748224	Satellites	Have either DNA OR RNA but can encode their own gene products	36
3606748225	Replisome	Carries out replication	37
3606748226	Septation	Forming a cross wall between 2 daughter cells	38
3606748227	Cytokinesis	Cytoplasm of a single cell is divided and forms 2 daughter cells	39
3606748228	Extremophiles	Organisms that live in harsh conditions	40
3606748229	Important environmental factors on microbial growth	- Solutes - Water activity - pH - Temp - O2 levels - Pressure - Radiation	41
3606748230	Hypertonic	Too much water coming out. Cell shrivels up, higher concentration of solutes outside of cell	42
3606748231	Hypotonic	Cell fills up with water and bursts. Lower osmotic pressure than surrounding medium	43
3606748232	Isotonic	Balanced, normal state. Equal osmotic pressure between inside and outside of cell	44
3606748233	Acidophiles	Grow @ optimum between pH of 0-5.5	45
3606748234	Neutrophiles	Grow @ optimum between pH of 5.5-8.0	46
3606748235	Alkalophiles	Grow @ optimum between pH of 8.0-11.5	47
3606748236	Cardinal temperatures	Minimum, maximum, and optimum growth temperatures. Optimum usually closer to maximum.	48
3606748237	0-75 degrees Celsius	Optima temperature for microorganisms	49
3606748238	Psychrophiles	Cold environments; grow well at 0 degrees Celsius. Optimum temp is 15 degrees, max is 20.	50
3606748239	Psychrotrophs	Grow @ 0 degrees. Max = 35. Major cause of food spoilage in refrigerator!	51
3606748240	Mesophiles	Moderate environments. Optimum = 20-45 degrees Celsius. Max = 45. Min = 15-20. Most human pathogens!!	52
3606748241	Thermophiles	Grow @ 45-85 degrees Celsius. Optima = 55-65. Mostly bacteria and archae that love HOT environments.	53
3606748242	Hyperthermophiles	Optima = 85-115 degrees Celsius. Found in areas of the marine floor.	54
3606748243	Oligotrophic environments	Environments in which nutrients are low. Starvation types of environments.	55
3606748244	Culture medium	Solid or liquid; used to grow, transport & store mircoorganisms.	56
3606748245	Defined (synthetic) media	All chemical components are known in this media	57
3606748246	Complex media	Has some ingredients of unknown chemical composition	58
3606748247	Agar	Solidifying agent	59
3606748248	Supportive media	Media that sustains the growth of many microorganisms	60
3606748249	Enriched media	Nutrients are added to support a media to encourage the growth of fastidia organisms	61
3606748250	Selective media	Allows for the growth of particular microorganisms while inhibiting the growth of others	62
3606748251	Differential media	Distinguish among different groups of microbes and even permits tentative identification of microorganisms based on their biological characteristics	63
3606748252	Growth curve	Log # of viable cells vs. Time. Four "times" on the graph: Lag, Exponential (log), stationary phase, and death.	64
3606748253	Log	First phase of growth curve. No immediate increase in cell #'s occurs. Cells are synthesizing new components. Eventually, cells begin to replicate, increase in weight, and divide.	65
3606748254	Exponential (log)	Where microorganisms are growing and dividing at the maximum possible rate given their genetic potential and environmental conditions. Growth rate is constant.	66
3606748255	Stationary phase	Nothing is happening, population growth ceases and the growth curve becomes horizontal	67
3606748256	Senescence	Programmed cell death	68
3606748257	Death	A fraction of the microbial population is genetically programmed to die after growth stops	69
3606748258	Viable but not culturable	VBNC	70
3606748259	Direct counts	Direct measurements of cell numbers. A counting chamber.	71
3606748260	Do practice examples	Dillutions	72
3606748261	Biocide	A chemical agent capable of destroying living organisms	73
3606748262	Sterilization	Process by which all living spores, viruses, viroids, and prions are either destroyed or removed from a habitat.	74
3606748263	Disinfection	Killing, inhibiting, or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease. Destruction of potential pathogens.	75
3606748264	Disinfecants	Chemical agents used for disinfection. Used only on fomites (inanimate objects)	76
3606748265	Sanitization	Microbial populations are reduced to levels considered "safe" by public health standards. Inanimate objects are cleaned as well as being partially disinfected.	77
3606748266	Antiseptics	Chemical agents applied to tissue to prevent infection by killing or inhibiting pathogen growth. Not as toxic as disinfectants.	78
3606748267	Antisepsis	Destruction of microorganisms on living tissues.	79
3606748268	Chemotherapy	Use of chemical agents to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms within the host tissues. Includes antibiotics, antifungals, etc.	80
3606748269	D-Value	Decimal reduction time. The time required to kill 90% of microorganisms or spores in a sample under specified conditions.	81
3606748270	Filtration	Reduce the # of organisms in solutions of heat-sensitive material.	82
3606748271	Kinds of filters	Depth, membrane, and HEPA (high efficiency particulate air filter)	83
3606748272	Heat control methods	Moist heat destroys viruses, bacteria and fungi. Kills by degrading nucleic acids and denatures proteins/enzymes.	84
3606748273	Autoclave	Heat sterilization contraption. 121 degrees Celsius at 15 PSI	85
3606748274	UV Radiation	Good. Doesn't penetrate glass, dirt films, water and other substances. Used only in specific situations.	86
3606748275	Ionizing Radiation	Great! Penetrates deep into objects.	87
3606748276	Phenolics	First widely used antiseptics and disinfectants. Includes: cresols, xylenols, orthophenols and lysol.	88
3606748277	Alcohols	Most widely used antiseptics and disinfectants. Affects bacterial and fungicidal, NOT sporocidal. Includes: ethanol and isopropyl.	89
3606748278	Halogens	Any of the 5 elements in group 7A of the periodic table. Iodine and chlorine are most important (antiseptics)	90
3606748279	Iodophor	Water soluble, stable and non-staining, used to clean pre-op skin.	91
3606748280	Chlorine	Used for disinfecting municipal water supplies, dairy and food industry.	92
3606748281	Heavy metals	No longer used for cleaning because of how toxic they are. Mercury, silver, arsenic, and zinc.	93
3606748282	Quaternary Ammonium Compounds	Detergents with broad spectrum antimicrobial properties. Disinfectants.	94
3606748283	Aldehydes	Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Sporicidal "fixatives"	95
3606748284	Ethylene Oxide	Sterilizing gas	96
3606748285	Antimicrobial agent effectiveness	Influenced by: Population size, population composition, concentration or intensity of antimicrobial agent, contact time, and temperatute.	97
3606748286	Larger	For antimicrobial agent effectiveness, ______ population requires longer time.	98
3606748287	Composition	Effectiveness of antimicrobial agent varies with the type of organism or population _________. Remember: spores.	99
3606748288	Concentrated	Usually the more ___________, the more rapidly organisms are killed. Exceptions include 70% ethanol water more effective than 90% ethanol.	100
3606748289	Longer	The ________ an organism is exposed, the more microbes that are killed. (Contact time)	101
3606748290	Increase	An __________ in temperature usually enhances the antimicrobial.	102