Chapter 55 Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology Flashcards

4705337196	consists of all the organisms living in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact	ecosystem	0
4705341048	autotrophs	primary producers	1
4705341527	herbivores	primary consumers	2
4705342843	carnivores	secondary consumers	3
4705343170	carnivores that feed on other carnivores	tertiary consumers	4
4705343172	Energy and nutrients pass from - - - -	primary producers primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers	5
4705344554	are consumers that derive their energy from detritus	Detritivores, or decomposers	6
4705344849	nonliving organic matter	detritus	7
4705345129	Prokaryotes and fungi are important _____	detritivores	8
4705347535	_____ connects all trophic levels	Decomposition	9
4705347974	_____ in an ecosystem is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period	Primary production	10
4705348218	Total primary production is known as the ecosystem's	gross primary production (GPP)	11
4705348366	is GPP minus energy used by primary producers for respiration	Net primary production (NPP)	12
4705348543	Only ____is available to consumers	NPP	13
4705350118	Tropical rain forests, estuaries, and coral reefs are among the most ___ ecosystems per unit area	productive	14
4705351126	Marine ecosystems are relatively_____ per unit area	unproductive	15
4705351127	contribute much to global net primary production because of their volume	Marine ecosystems	16
4705465448	In marine and freshwater ecosystems, both _____ and _____ control primary production	light and nutrients	17
4705466402	Depth of light penetration affects _______ in the photic zone of an ocean or lake	primary production	18
4705466619	More than light, _____ limit primary production in geographic regions of the ocean and in lakes	nutrients	19
4705467228	A_____ is the element that must be added for production to increase in an area	limiting nutrient	20
4705467498	_____and ____ are typically the nutrients that most often limit marine production	Nitrogen and phosphorous	21
4705467721	The addition of large amounts of nutrients to____has a wide range of ecological impacts	lakes	22
4705468053	sewage runoff has caused _____of lakes, which can lead to loss of most fish species	eutrophication	23
4705468557	In terrestrial ecosystems,_____ and ____affect primary production on a large scale	temperature and moisture	24
4705468784	______ is the water annually transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape	Actual evapotranspiration	25
4705468785	It is related to net primary production	Actual evapotranspiration	26
4705469776	______ of an ecosystem is the amount of chemical energy in food converted to new biomass during a given period of time	Secondary production	27
4705470503	When a caterpillar feeds on a leaf, only about one-sixth of the leaf's energy is used for _____	secondary production	28
4705470602	An organism's______ is the fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration	production efficiency	29
4705470937	_____ is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next	Trophic efficiency	30
4705471662	It usually ranges from 5% to 20%	Trophic efficiency	31
4705471663	is multiplied over the length of a food chain	Trophic efficiency	32
4705475727	Dynamics of energy flow in ecosystems have important implications for the human population		33
4705475728	Eating meat is a relatively inefficient way of tapping __________	photosynthetic production	34
4705475924	Worldwide agriculture could feed many more people if humans ate only plant material		35
4705476345	Life depends on _____chemical elements	recycling	36
4705476346	Nutrient circuits in ecosystems involve biotic and abiotic components and are often called ______	biogeochemical cycles	37
4705559780	Gaseous _____,____,____ and ____ occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally	carbon, oxygen, nitrogen , sulfur	38
4705559781	Less mobile elements such as _____,____, and ____ cycle on a more local level	phosphorus, potassium, and calcium	39
4705560958	All elements cycle between organic and inorganic reservoirs		40
4705561380	____ is essential to all organisms	Water	41
4707381112	____ of the biosphere's water is contained in the oceans, ___ is in glaciers and polar ice caps, and ____ is in lakes, rivers, and groundwater	97%; 2%; 1%	42
4707382307	_____-based organic molecules are essential to all organisms	Carbon	43
4707382547	____ reservoirs include fossil fuels, soils and sediments, solutes in oceans, plant and animal biomass, and the atmosphere	Carbon	44
4707382548	____ is taken up and released through photosynthesis and respiration	CO2	45
4707383059	volcanoes and the burning of fossil fuels contribute ____to the atmosphere	CO2	46
4707383537	_____ is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids	Nitrogen	47
4707383884	The main reservoir of nitrogen is the atmosphere ____	(N2)	48
4707384133	nitrogen must be converted to NH4+ or NO3-; for uptake by plants, via _______ by bacteria	nitrogen fixation	49
4707384668	Organic nitrogen is decomposed to NH4+ by ________, and NH4+ is decomposed to NO3- by ______	ammonification; nitrification	50
4707384669	______ converts NO3- back to N2	Denitrification	51
4707384983	____ is a major constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP	Phosphorus	52
4707385755	_____ is the most important inorganic form of phosphorus	Phosphate (PO43-)	53
4707385912	The largest reservoirs are _____ of marine origin, the oceans, and organisms	sedimentary rocks	54
4707386174	_____ binds with soil particles, and movement is often localized	Phosphate	55
4707417236	_________ play a key role in the general pattern of chemical cycling	Decomposers (detritivores)	56
4707418199	The rate of decomposition is controlled by _____, _______, and ______availability	temperature, moisture, and nutrient	57
4707418749	_____ decomposition results in relatively low levels of nutrients in the soil	Rapid	58
4707419336	_____strongly regulates nutrient cycling	Vegetation	59
4707481418	The___________ has been used to study nutrient cycling in a forest ecosystem since 1963	Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest	60
4707482035	______ help return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state	Restoration ecologists	61
4707482220	______ seeks to initiate or speed up the recovery of degraded ecosystems	Restoration ecology	62
4707482449	Two key strategies are _____ and ______of ecosystem processes	bioremediation and augmentation	63
4707419897	_____ is the use of living organisms to detoxify ecosystems	Bioremediation	64
4707420072	The organisms most often used for Bioremediation are _____,____, and _____.	prokaryotes, fungi, or plants	65
4707420703	These organisms can take up, and sometimes metabolize, ____ molecules	toxic	66
4707420704	_______ uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem	Biological augmentation	67