Biology 2: FINAL EXAM Ch. 55 Flashcards

266103822	Has a very low net primary production per square meter	an open ocean	0
266103823	Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by	converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb	1
266103824	What has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem?	the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem	2
266103825	Hubbard Brook watershed experiment concluded	most minerals were recycled within a forest ecosystem, the flow of minerals out of a natural watershed was offset by minerals flowing in, deforestation increased water runoff, and the nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area became dangerously high	3
266103826	Consequence of biological magnification	toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers	4
266103827	Main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is	the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels	5
266103828	The biggest difference between the flow of energy and the flow of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem is that _____.	nutrients are recycled, but energy is not	6
266103829	In an ecosystem, all incoming energy will eventually be _____.	dissipated into space as heat	7
266103830	According to the law of conservation of energy	the total amount of energy stored in organic molecules plus the amounts reflected and dissipated as heat must equal the total solar energy intercepted by the Earth	8
266103831	Autotrophs	photosynthetic organisms that use light energy to synthesize sugars and other organic compounds	9
266103832	Most of the solar energy that reaches Earth _____.	is not captured for use by living things	10
266103833	Net productivity	the rate at which producers convert solar energy to the chemical energy of organic compounds, minus the energy used during respiration	11
266103834	Net primary productivity (NPP)	gross primary productivity (GPP) minus the energy used for respiration (R)	12
266103835	A study of metabolic rates in a terrestrial community showed that the energy released by respiration exceeded the energy captured in photosynthesis. Which one of the following situations is most likely?	community biomass is decreasing	13
266103836	Open ocean	contributes more primary production than any other single ecosystem; however, this is only because it is so large	14
266103837	Terrestrial ecosystems	contribute two-thirds of global net primary production	15
266103838	Marine ecosystems	contribute about one-third of global net primary production	16
266103839	How do iron levels affect phytoplankton populations in a marine ecosystem?	Iron stimulates the growth of cyanobacteria, which convert atmospheric N2 to nitrogenous minerals, stimulating the growth of phytoplankton.	17
266103840	Secondary production	the amount of chemical energy in a consumer's food that is converted to its own new biomass over a period of time	18
266103841	The base of net production	contains the energy captured by photosynthesis	19
266103842	Green world hypothesis' factors that keep herbivores in check	plants have defenses against herbivores, intraspecific competition can limit herbivore numbers, abiotic factors limit herbivores, and interspecific interactions check herbivore densities	20
266103843	Over oceans	evaporation exceeds precipitation	21
266103844	Transpiration	evaporative water loss from terrestrial plants	22
266103845	The global hydrologic cycle supports a net flow of atmospheric water vapor ______.	from the oceans to land	23
266103846	Carbon cycle	carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by cellular respiration in all aerobic organisms and removed by photosynthesis	24
266103847	Respiration	process in which carbon dioxide is released from plants back to the atmosphere	25
266103848	NH3	Ammonia, the direct product of nitrogen fixation	26
266103849	NH4+	Ammonium, product of nitrogen fixation in the soil before being taken up into the plants	27
266103850	In the nitrogen cycle	Nitrite is converted to nitrate (NO3-) by nitrifying bacteria	28
266103851	Phophorus' cycle lacks an __________ component.	atmospheric	29
266103852	Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest found that	the amount of nutrients leaving an intact forest ecosystem is controlled by the plants	30
266103853	How have human activities increased the supply of fixed nitrogen available to primary producers?	use of nitrogen fertilizers, increased cultivation of legumes, and deliberate burning of fields	31
266103854	Why are freshwater ecosystems in North America and northern Europe particularly sensitive to the effects of acid rain?	the lakes have a poor buffering capacity	32
266103855	A possible consequence of rising CO2 levels	increased vegetative productivity	33
266103856	Climatologists estimate past atmospheric CO2 concentrations by	measuring the CO2 concentrations in air bubbles trapped in glacial ice	34
266103857	Ozone	is beneficial in the upper atmosphere	35
266103858	The destruction of the ozone layer is most directly linked to _____.	release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere	36