Bio Exam 2 Ch.3-4 Flashcards
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| 3924907102 | Robert Hooke | Saw "little boxes" Aka cells. (Microgrania) |  | 0 |
| 3924921008 | Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | Saw the cells but he named them Animalcules. |  | 1 |
| 3924932657 | Robert Brown | Saw "Circular objects" aka nucleus |  | 2 |
| 3924945676 | Schleiden & Schwann | 1st cell theory: "All organisms are composed of cells basis of life." | 3 | |
| 3924986315 | Rudolf Vichow | He added on to the cell theory; "Cells come from other Cells" |  | 4 |
| 3925007122 | Unicelluar | Smallest of all organisms, composed of one cell. |  | 5 |
| 3925027539 | Multicellular | Larger organisms, composed of many cells. |  | 6 |
| 3925041492 | Microscopes | magnify objects too small to see with the naked eye |  | 7 |
| 3925055267 | Magnification | # of times larger the object appears than the object actually is. |  | 8 |
| 3925063989 | Resolution | clarity of the image | 9 | |
| 3925079330 | Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | Uses electrons to show a 3-D view of the SURFACE of an object. |  | 10 |
| 3925092958 | Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | Uses electrons to show INTERIOR images. |  | 11 |
| 3925105545 | Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) | interaction between the sample & the tip of a scanning probe creates an image (allows individual atoms to be seen) |  | 12 |
| 3925335246 | 2 types of cells | Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes |  | 13 |
| 3925348186 | Prokaryotes | - Cell size: (smallest, unicellular) - NO well-defined nucleus - Cell Components; 1. Cell Wall: layer protection and shape, (Capsule or slimy layer) 2. Cell Membrane: a phospholipid bilayer 3. Cytoplasm: Fluid of the cell (Exam for sure) 4. Nucleoid Region: Holds genetic info 5. Flagella: for movement 6. Plants DON'T have ORGANELLES except, Ribosomes; small particles composed of protein and RNA. (Exam) |  | 14 |
| 3925455094 | Eukaryotes | - Cell size: (Large) - TRUE nucleus | 15 | |
| 3925493335 | Animal Cell | No Center Vacuole or Chloroplast |  | 16 |
| 3925497972 | Plant Cell | No Centriole |  | 17 |
| 3925570877 | Manufacturing (makes) | 1. Nucleus 2. Nucleolus- Making ribosomal subnits (exam) 3. Ribosomes 4. Rough ER 5. Smooth ER 6. Golgi Appataus | 18 | |
| 3926193998 | Breakdown | 1. Lysosomes 2. Vacuoles 3. Peroxisomes | 19 | |
| 3926240960 | Energy Processing (Which two organells are tide to energy?) | 1. Mitochondria (chemical NRG of food TO chemical NRG of ATP) 2. Chloroplasts (light to sugar) | 20 | |
| 3926284498 | Support, movement, and communication | 1. Cytoskeleton 2. Cilia and Flagella 3. Cell Wall | 21 | |
| 3926295611 | Plant Cell Wall | made up cellulose (lots of sugar) | 22 | |
| 3926302495 | Plasmodesmata | Channels between adjacent cells that allows passing of nutrients. |  | 23 |
| 3926326099 | Tight Junction | "zipper-like" prevents substance from passing between cells. |  | 24 |
| 3926344207 | Anchoring (adhering) Junction | adjacent cells are held together by filaments to create strong sheets. |  | 25 |
| 3926355674 | Gap (communication) Junction | allows small molecules to pass between cells |  | 26 |
| 3926375121 | Energy | capacity to perform work. **required by all living organisms. | 27 | |
| 3926385187 | 2 types of Energy | Kinetic and Potential | 28 | |
| 3926389221 | Kinetic | NRG that is actually doing work. (push,pull,moving) |  | 29 |
| 3926396501 | Potential | NRG stored (stop, paused, not moving) |  | 30 |
| 3926409342 | Thermodynamics | study of NRG relationship or transformation (changing) | 31 | |
| 3926420618 | 2 Laws of Thermodynamics | 1. NRG can change but can not be CREATED or DESTROYED. (Name; Law of Energy conversion) 2. NRG tranfromation are INEFFICIENT due to reaction losing some NRG as heat. | 32 | |
| 3926691493 | Chemical Reactions | It begins with one set of substance, called Reaction and converts them into another set called the Products. |  | 33 |
| 3926718127 | Exergonic (exit) | if the reactants have more NRG than the Product (ex: Respiration) |  | 34 |
| 3926744036 | Endergonic (take in) | if the Products have more NRG than the reactant (ex: photosynthesis) |  | 35 |
| 3926763014 | Electrons | can carry NRG | 36 | |
| 3926781008 | Oxidation | lose of electrons from a molecule, atom, or ion. aka exergonic |  | 37 |
| 3926797852 | Reduction | gain of electrons. aka endergonic | | 38 |
| 3926811063 | LEO the lion goes GER | LEO- Loss of Electrons Oxidation GER-Gain of Electrons Reductions | 39 | |
| 3926840963 | ATP to ADP | this happens thanks to the last phosphate that breaks off. |  | 40 |
| 3949917261 | ATP | adenosine triphosphate |  | 41 |
| 3949921761 | ADP | adenosine diphosphate |  | 42 |
| 3949932660 | Enzymes | speed up the cell's chemical reactions without being consumed. Doesn't add NRG nut speeds up a reaction by lowering the Energy of Activation (EA) barrier. - They are made up of protein (Tertiary) - ase' hint for enzymes |  | 43 |
| 3949954360 | Enzymes's Subtrate | a REACTANT in chemical reaction. (specific active sites) |  | 44 |
| 3949968504 | CoFactors | -Not proteins (inorganic) -Ex: Zine & Iron -Help with chemical Reactions -Not Consumed | 45 | |
| 3949972462 | CoEnzymes | - Organic - Vitamins - Ex: B12 & Carbon | 46 | |
| 3949981107 | Enzyme Inhibitors (stoppers) | Chemical that interfere with an enzymes Activity. | 47 | |
| 3949986696 | 2 types of Enzyme Inhibitors | 1. Competitive Inhibitors 2. Non-Competitive Inhibitors |  | 48 |
| 3949986717 | Competitive Inhibitors | Resembles the normal substrates and competes with the substrates for a spot on the enzyme's active site. |  | 49 |
| 3949989664 | Non-Competitive Inhibitors | doesn't enter the active site, but blinds somewhere else and causes a change in the active site shape. |  | 50 |
| 3949999542 | Selectively Permeable Membrane | somethings can go in and out the cell but some can't |  | 51 |
| 3950009381 | Some solutes are ________ inside than ______ some are _______. | Higher, Outside, Lower | 52 | |
| 3950016189 | Different way of transporting across the Membrane | 1. Passive transport 2. Active Transport 3. Use of Vesicles | 53 | |
| 3950025129 | Passive Transport | moves across membrane without using NRG. |  | 54 |
| 3950027318 | 3 ways of Passive Transport: | 1. Simple diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated diffusion | 55 | |
| 3950047596 | Simple Diffusion | when chemicals move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration until they are equal. - no proteins are involved |  | 56 |
| 3950059815 | Osmosis | The movement of water |  | 57 |
| 3950063424 | 3 ways of Osmosis | a. Hypertonic b. Hypotonic c. Isotonic |  | 58 |
| 3950069014 | Hypertonic | the solution has a HIGHER concentration of solutes. |  | 59 |
| 3950073371 | Hypotonic | the solution that has a LOWER concentration of solutes. |  | 60 |
| 3950079251 | Isotonic | the solution is EQUAL (homeostasis) |  | 61 |
| 3950086901 | Animal cell | normal, lysing (pop), or shriveled (shrink) |  | 62 |
| 3950091512 | Plant cell | Flaccid , turgid, shriveled | | 63 |
| 3950099172 | Facilitated diffusion | proteins required, no NRG, Pores in proteins help, aquaporins - more water to move. |  | 64 |
| 3950108833 | Active Transport | Transport protein helps to move substances against its concentration gradient. (Sodium-Potassium Pumps & Hydrogen (H+) Pumps) Low Concentration to High Concentration, Requires NRG. ATP |  | 65 |
| 3949983687 | Use of Vesicles | Exocystosis vs Endocytosis | 66 | |
| 3974455467 | Exocystosis | cell gets rid of bulky materials | 67 | |
| 3974459486 | Endocytosis | cell takes in material | 68 | |
| 3974464261 | 3 kind of Endocytosis | 1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3.Receptor | 69 | |
| 3974473657 | Phagocytosis | Cellular eating (soild) |  | 70 |
| 3974478080 | Pinocytosis | Cellular drinking (liquid) |  | 71 |
| 3974491951 | Receptor | mediated- more specific |  | 72 |