Biology 8th ed. Campbell and Reece: Ch. 11 Flashcards

2079759138	signal transduction pathway	A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response.	0
2079759139	local regulator	A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted.	1
2079759140	hormone	One of many types of secreted chemicals formed in specialized cells which travel in body fluids and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning.	2
2079759141	ligand	A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.	3
2079759142	G protein-coupled receptor	A signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein.	4
2079759143	G protein	GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins in the cell.	5
2079759144	paracrine signaling	A secreting cells acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator (e.g. a growth factor) into the extracellular fluid.	6
2079759145	synaptic signaling	A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell.	7
2079759146	hormonal signaling	Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood. Hormones may reach virtually all body cells.	8
2079759147	receptor tyrosine kinase	Receptor protein in the plasma membrane; the intracellular part can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Often respond to the binding of a signal molecule by dimerizing then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor of the dimer. Phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptor then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell.	9
2079759148	ligand-gated ion channel	A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to a signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions.	10
2079759149	transcription factor	Regulate which genes are turned on; which genes are transcribed into messenger RNA.	11
2079759150	protein kinase	An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, phosphorylating the protein.	12
2079759151	protein phosphatase	An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often serving to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.	13
2079759152	second messenger	A small, nonprotein, water-soluble ion or molecule, such as Ca2+ or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to signaling molecules bound by a signal receptor protein.	14
2079759153	cyclic AMP	A ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells.	15
2079759154	adenylyl cyclase	And enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP in response to a signal.	16
2079759155	IP3	A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in Ca2+ cytoplasmic concentration.	17
2079759156	scaffolding protein	A large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction.	18