AP Biology Chapter 2-5 Flashcards

2029042618	compound	a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio	0
2029042619	trace elements	elements required by an organism only in minute quantities	1
2029042620	atomic number	number of protons	2
2029042621	atomic mass	number of combined neutrons and protons	3
2029042622	isotope	different atomic forms of an element (different number of neutrons)	4
2029042623	valence electrons	the electrons in the outermost shell	5
2029042624	covalent bond	sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms	6
2029042625	electronegativity	how much an atom wants electrons	7
2029042626	nonpolar covalent bond	bond with electrons shared equally	8
2029042627	polar covalent bond	bond with one atom more electronegative than the other	9
2029042628	cation	positively charged ion	10
2029042629	anion	negatively charged ion	11
2029042630	ionic bond	a chemical bond resulting from the attraction of two oppositely charged ions	12
2029042631	hydrogen bond	a weak bond formed when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to another atom is also attracted to another atom (normally O or N)	13
2029042632	polar molecule	two ends of a molecule have opposite charges	14
2029042633	cohesion	hydrogen bonds holding a substance together	15
2029042634	adhesion	clinging of one substance to another	16
2029042635	surface tension	a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	17
2029042636	specific heat	the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for one gram of that substance to change its temperature by one degree C	18
2029042637	heat of vaporization	the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for one gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state	19
2029042638	evaporative cooling	as liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down	20
2029042639	hydrogen ion	a single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and hydrogen ion (H+)	21
2029042640	base	a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration	22
2029042641	acid	a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration	23
2029042642	buffers	substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution	24
2029042643	organic chemistry	the study of carbon compounds	25
2029042644	hydrocarbons	organic molecules consisting only of hydrogen and carbon	26
2029042645	isomers	compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties	27
2029042646	structural isomers	isomers differing in the covalent arrangement of their atoms	28
2029042647	geometric isomers	isomers with the same covalent partnerships, but different spatial arrangements	29
2029042648	enantiomers	isomers that are mirror images of each other	30
2029042649	hydroxyl group	hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom which is bonded to the carbon skeleton (-OH)	31
2029042650	properties of hydroxyl group	polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping to dissolve organic compounds	32
2029042651	carbonyl	a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond (>CO)	33
2029042652	properties of carbonyl group	ketones and aldehydes may be isomers, and is polar	34
2029042653	carboxyl	a hydroxyl attached to a carbon which is also double bonded to an oxygen and bonded to the carbon skeleton	35
2029042654	properties of carboxyl	acidic, found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1-	36
2029042655	amino	a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton	37
2029042656	properties of amino	a base, ionized with a charge of 1+ under cellular conditions	38
2029042657	sulfhydryl	a sulfur atom bonded with a hydrogen	39
2029042658	properties of sulfhydryl	polar, may help stabilize protein structure	40
2029042659	phosphate	phosphorous double bonds with one oxygen, single bonds with two negative charged oxygens, and one bond with an oxygen attached to the carbon skeleton	41
2029042660	properties of phosphate	acidic, has potential to react with water and release energy	42
2029042661	methyl	carbon bonded with three hydrogen atoms and then attached to something else	43
2029042662	properties of methyl	affects expression of genes, arrangement in sex hormones affects shape and function	44
2029042663	ATP	a form of phosphate that provides the cell with energy	45
2036434862	polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds	46
2036437778	monomer	building blocks of polymers	47
2036439058	condensation reaction	two molecules covalently bond to each other through loss of a water molecule	48
2036441476	enzymes	specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells	49
2036444620	carbohydrates	sugars and polymers of sugars	50
2036445923	monosaccharides	single sugars (ex: glucose) that are multiples of unit CH2O	51
2036451087	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage	52
2036453704	polysaccharides	polymers with many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages	53
2036463513	starch	a storage carbohydrate for plants that is a polymer of glucose	54
2036467481	glycogen	a storage carbohydrate for animals that is a polymer of glucose	55
2036472168	lipids	a group of compounds that mixes poorly, if ever, with water	56
2036477658	fat	a lipid that is constructed from glycerol and fatty acids	57
2036490150	saturated fatty acid	a fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon, solid at room temperature	58
2036499445	unsaturated fatty acid	a fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbons, a kink in its tail, and liquid at room temperature	59
2036504219	phospholipids	a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. It has hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membranes	60
2036519189	steroids	lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings that are parts of hormones	61
2036525239	polypeptides	polymers of amino acids	62
2036530090	protein	a functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure	63
2036534598	amino acids	organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups	64
2036536903	peptide bonds	a covalent bond between two amino acids formed by a dehydration reaction	65
2036540995	primary structure	the level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids	66
2036545023	secondary structure	The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone	67
2036551389	tertiary structure	irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains	68
2036556662	quaternary structure	the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide	69
2036562225	denaturation	In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive. Denaturation occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature	70
2036576946	nucleic acids	a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.	71
2036581562	nucleotides	a monomer composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose, and a phosphate group	72
2036586795	pyrimidine	the group that cytosine, thiamine, and uracil belong to	73
2036590976	purine	the group that guanine and adenine belong to	74