Concepts of Genetics Chapter 3 Flashcards

3311470676	transmission genetics	the field of genetics concerned with heredity and the mechanisms by which genes are transferred from parent to offspring	0
3311470677	trait	any detectable phenotypic variation of a particular inherited character	1
3311470678	monohybrid cross	a genetic cross only involving one character (ex: AA x aa)	2
3311470679	selfing	in plant genetics, the fertilization of a plant's ovules by pollen produced by the same plant.	3
3311470680	F1 (first filial) generation	progeny resulting from the first cross in a series	4
3311470681	F2 (second filial) generation	progeny resulting from a cross of the F1 generation	5
3311470682	reciprocal cross	a pair of crosses in which the genotype of the female in one is present as the genotype of the male in the other and vice versa.	6
3311470683	segregation	the separation of maternal and paternal homologs of each homologous chromosome pair into gametes during meiosis	7
3311470684	phenotype	the overt appearance of a genetically controlled trait	8
3311470685	gene	fundamental physical unit of heredity, whose existence can be confirmed by allelic variants and which occupies a specific chromosomal locus. A DNA sequence coding for single polypeptide	9
3311470686	allele	one of the possible alternative forms of a gene, often distinguished from other alleles by phenotypic effects	10
3311470687	genotype	the allelic or genetic constitution of an organism; often, the allelic compositionof one or a limited number of genes under investigation	11
3311470688	homozygote	an individual with identical alleles for a gene or genes of interest. These individual will produce identical gametes (with respect to the gene or genes in question) and will therefore breed true	12
3311470689	heterozygote	an individual with different alleles at one or more loci. Such individuals will produce unlike gametes and therefore will not breed true	13
3311470690	testcross	a cross between an individual whose genotype at one or more loci may be unknown and an individual who is homozygous recessive for the gene or genes in question	14
3311470691	dihybrid cross	a genetic cross involving two characters in which the parents possess different forms of each character (ex. yellow, round x green, wrinkled)	15
3311470692	product law	in statistics, the law holding that the probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product of their independent probabilities	16
3311470693	independent assortment	the independent behavior of each pair of homologous chromosomes during their segregation in meiosis I. The random dustribution of maternal and paternal homologs into gametes.	17
3311470694	continuous variation	phenotype variation in which quantitative traits range from one phenotypic extreme to another in an overlapping, continuous fashion	18
3311470695	discontinuous variation	pattern of variation for a traits whose phenotypes fall into two or more distinct classes	19
3311470696	chromosomal theory of inheritance	the idea put forward independently by Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri that chromosomes are the carriers of genes and the basis for the Mendelian mechanisms of segregation and independent assortment	20
3311470697	diploid (2n)	a condition in which each chromosome exists in pairs; having two of each chromosome	21
3311470698	locus	the site or place on a chromosome where a particular gene is located	22
3311470699	null hypothesis (H0)	used in statistical tests, the hypothesis that there is no real difference between the observed and expected datasets. Statistical methods such as chi-square analysis are used to test the probability associated with this hypothesis	23
3311470700	chi-square (x2) analysis	statistcial test to determine whether or not an observed set of data is equivalent to a theoretical expectation	24
3311470701	pedigree	in human genetics, a diagram showing the ancestral relationships and transmission of genetic traits over several generations in a family.	25
3311470702	consanguineous	related by a common ancestor within the previous few generations	26
3311470703	monozygotic twins	twins produced from a single fertilization event; the first division of the zygote produces two cells, each of which develops into an embryo (identical twins)	27
3311470704	dizygotic twins	twins produced from separate fertilization events; two ova fertilized independently (fraternal twins)	28
3311470705	proband (p)	an individual who is the focus of a genetic study leading to the construction of a pedigree tracking the inheritance of a genetically determined trait of interest	29
3311470706	albinism	a condition caused by the lack of melanin production in the iris, hair, and skin. In humans, it is most often inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.	30
3311470707	familial trait	a trait transmitted through and expressed by members of a family, Usually used to describe a trait that runs in families, but whose precise mode of inheritance is not clear.	31
3458412938	How to determine the number of different types of gametes formed.	2^n (where n is the number of heterozygous gene pairs)	32
3458416529	How to determine the number of different types of genotypes produced.	3^n (where n is the number of heterozygous gene pairs)	33
3458420158	How to determine the number of different types of phenotypes produced.	2^n (where n is the number of heterozygous gene pairs)	34
3471328315	Walter Flemming	First to discover chromosomes under the microscope, in the nuclei of salamander cells	35
3471336690	deVries, Correns & Tschermak	"Rediscovered" Mendel's laws in the 1900s	36
3471365370	Sutton and Boveri	independently published papers linking chromosome behaviors during meiosis to Mendel's principals of segregation and independent assortment	37