AP BIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW GUIDE ?The price of success is hard work, dedication to the job at hand, and the determination that whether we win or lose, we have applied the best of ourselves to the task at hand.? CONCEPT 1 - BIOCHEMISTRY CHNOPS- most common elements in all living matter Bonds- ionic (transfer electrons), covalent (sharing- polar/unequal sharing and non-polar/equal sharing), hydrogen (weak bonds between hydrogen and negatively charged items), hydrophobic interactions (how non-polar compounds congregate together- lipids) pH acid-base/ 0-14, # of H ions determines scale; logarithmic- pH 3 = 10-3 = 1/1000 blood- 7.4, stomach- 2, small intestine- 8; enzymes are specific to pH