meyers psychology chapter 2 Flashcards
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| 5017433912 | Phrenology | developed by Franz Gall in the early 1800's. The study of bumps on the skull and their relationship to mental abilities and character traits. Yielded one big idea -- that the brain might have different areas that do different things (localization of function) | 0 | |
| 5017438596 | Structure of a neuron | Cell body, Dendrites, Axon, Terminal branches of axon, Myelin sheath and Neural impulse | 1 | |
| 5017449603 | Neural impulse | (action potential) electrical signal traveling down the axon | 2 | |
| 5017452232 | Cell body | the cell's life support center | 3 | |
| 5017457773 | Dendrites | receive messages from other cells | 4 | |
| 5017459963 | Axon | passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands | 5 | |
| 5017462113 | terminal branches of axon | form junctions with other cells | 6 | |
| 5017464258 | Myelin sheath | covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses | 7 | |
| 5017471400 | Glial cells | support, nourish, and protect neurons and assist neural transmission | 8 | |
| 5017475075 | fluid outside an axon's membrane | mostly positively charged sodium atoms | 9 | |
| 5017477685 | resting axon's fluid interior | mostly negatively charged ions | 10 | |
| 5017480604 | resting potential. | positive-outside/negative-inside state of axons membrane | 11 | |
| 5017485741 | axons surface | selectively permeable, meaning it is selective about what is allowed through its gates. | 12 | |
| 5017492528 | what happens neuron receives a signal from other neurons | some are telling it to fire and some are telling it not to fire. | 13 | |
| 5018614079 | what happens when the threshold is reached | the action potential starts moving. then The action potential travels down the axon from the cell body to the terminal branches. then The signal is transmitted to another cell. | 14 | |
| 5018618396 | The synapse | a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. (also known as the synaptic junction of synaptic gap) | 15 | |
| 5018619745 | Neurotransmitters | chemicals used to send a signal across the synaptic gap. | 16 | |
| 5018621109 | Reuptake | After the neurotransmitters stimulate the receptors on the receiving neuron, the chemicals are taken back up into the sending neuron to be used again. | 17 | |
| 5018622699 | Serotonin | Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal . Undersupply linked to depression; some antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels | 18 | |
| 5018627772 | Dopamine | Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. | 19 | |
| 5018627773 | oversupply of dopamine | Oversupply linked to schizophrenia; undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson's disease and ADHD | 20 | |
| 5018631439 | agonist molecule | fills the receptor site and activates it, acting like the neurotransmitters (E.g. morphine mimics the action of endorphins) | 21 | |
| 5018633371 | An antagonist molecule | fills the lock so that the neurotransmitter cannot get in and activate the receptor site (E.g. antihistamine inhibits the action of histamine) | 22 | |
| 5018635836 | The central nervous system (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord | 23 | |
| 5018637670 | The peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the rest of the nervous system. The PNS gathers and sends information to and from the rest of the body | 24 | |
| 5018640640 | Sensory neurons | carry messages in from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to the CNS for processing. | 25 | |
| 5018642461 | Motor neurons | carry instructions out from the CNS out to the body's tissues | 26 | |
| 5018644544 | Interneurons | (in the brain and spinal cord) process information between the sensory input and motor output | 27 | |
| 5018647746 | nerves | consist of neural "cables" containing many axons. Nerves are part of the PNS and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the CNS. | 28 | |
| 5018655641 | Parts of the nervous system | Central & Peripheral | 29 | |
| 5018658653 | parts of peripheral nervous system | Autonomic and somatic | 30 | |
| 5018659964 | Autonomic | controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands. Sympathetic & parasympathetic | 31 | |
| 5018665754 | Sympathetic | arousing (fight-or-flight) | 32 | |
| 5018668247 | Parasympathetic | calming (rest and digest) | 33 | |
| 5018669999 | The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep us in a steady internal state called | homeostasis | 34 | |
| 5018672612 | Somatic | controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles | 35 | |
| 5018676512 | neural networks | The brain's neurons cluster into these work groups | 36 | |
| 5018681468 | what do neurons do with other neurons | Neurons network with nearby neurons with which they can have short, fast connections. "Neurons that fire together, wire together." | 37 | |
| 5018684291 | spinal cord - what is it full of | full of interneurons that sometimes have a "mind of their own". Your spine's interneurons trigger your hand to pull away from a fire before you can say anything. This is an example of a reflex action. | 38 | |
| 5018685795 | endocrine system | glands secrete hormones which travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues, including the brain. sends messages through the bloodstream | 39 | |
| 5018692517 | parts of endocrine system | Hypothalamus, Thyroid gland, Adrenal glands, Pituitary gland, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis | 40 | |
| 5018699452 | Hypothalamus | brain region controlling the pituitary gland | 41 | |
| 5018700718 | Thyroid gland | affects metabolism among other things | 42 | |
| 5018702271 | Adrenal glands | inner part helps trigger the "fight-or-flight" response. Produce hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol. The sympathetic nervous system responds to stress by sending a message to adrenal glands to release these hormones listed above. Effect: increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar. These provide energy for the fight of flight. | 43 | |
| 5018703282 | Pituitary gland | secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands. The pituitary gland is the "master gland" (regulates other glands). It is controlled by the hypothalamus. It also produces growth hormone (especially during sleep) and oxytocin, the "bonding" hormone | 44 | |
| 5018703283 | Parathyroid | helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood | 45 | |
| 5018703284 | Pancreas | regulates the level of sugar in blood | 46 | |
| 5018704759 | Ovary | secretes female sex hormones | 47 | |
| 5018704760 | Testis | secretes male sex hormones | 48 | |
| 5018715769 | The brainstem and cerebellum | coordinates the body The brainstem includes the pons and medulla. | 49 | |
| 5018717107 | Medulla | controls the most basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing | 50 | |
| 5018718606 | Pons | helps coordinate automatic and unconscious movements | 51 | |
| 5018720204 | limbic (border) system | manages emotions, and connects thought to body Consists of the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus | 52 | |
| 5018721569 | Hippocampus | Processes conscious memories. Works with the amygdala to form emotionally charged memories. Animals or humans who lose their hippocampus to surgery or injury also lose their ability to form new memories of facts and events | 53 | |
| 5018724130 | Amygdala | Processes emotions, especially rage and fear | 54 | |
| 5018726496 | Hypothalamus | Lies below ("hypo") the thalamus. Regulates body temperature and ensures adequate food and water intake (homeostasis), and is involved in sex drive. Directs the endocrine system via messages to the pituitary gland | 55 | |
| 5018728810 | The cortex (the outer covering) | integrates information [the newest part of the brain in evolutionary terms because the brain started growing and would add on to the outside of the brain; the innermost part of the brain is the oldest part of the brain] | 56 | |
| 5018730747 | Thalamus ("inner chamber") | "Sensory switchboard" Receives information from all senses except smell; sends to higher brain regions | 57 | |
| 5018732767 | Reticular ("netlike") formation | A neuron network extending from the spinal cord right up through the thalamus Enables alertness (arousal) If you damage this part of your brain you could slip into a coma and never wake up | 58 | |
| 5018734238 | Cerebellum ("little brain") | Helps coordinate voluntary movement Has many other functions, including enabling nonverbal learning and memory It also helps us judge time, modulate our emotions, and discriminate sounds and textures If the cerebellum was injured, you would have difficulty walking, keeping your balance, or shaking hands. | 59 | |
| 5018737103 | Cerebral cortex lobes consist of: | Our grey "bark" structure that is wrinkled in order to create more surface area for 20+ billion neurons. 300 trillion synaptic connections. Frontal lobe, Parietal lobes, occipital lobes and temporal lobes | 60 | |
| 5018740699 | Frontal lobe | involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. The frontal lobes are active in "executive functions" such as judgment, planning, and inhibition of impulses. Also active in the use of working memory and the processing of new memories. · Phineas Cage: working on railroad, there was an explosion and a metal rod shot up through his skull in his frontal lobe. After his accident he became a completely different person. His personality changed: he was rude, odd, irritable, and unpredictable now. Possible explanation: damage to the frontal lobe could result in loss of the ability to suppress impulses and to modulate emotions. | 61 | |
| 5018745026 | parietal lobes | include the sensory cortex | 62 | |
| 5018748090 | Occipital lobes | include the visual areas; they receive visual information from the opposite visual field | 63 | |
| 5018750738 | temporal lobes | include the auditory processing areas | 64 | |
| 5018753949 | The motor and sensory strips | Output: Motor cortex (left hemisphere section controls the body's right side). Input: Somatosensory cortex (left hemisphere section receives input from the body's right side) | 65 | |
| 5018757942 | if the brain is damaged | It usually does not repair damaged neurons, but it can restore some functions. It can form new connections, reassign existing networks | 66 | |
| 5018759990 | To end severe whole-brain seizures | some people have had surgery to cut the corpus callosum, a band of axons connecting the hemispheres. | 67 | |
| 5018763253 | how does each hemisphere perceive | Each hemisphere does not perceive what each eye sees. Instead, it perceives the half of the view in front of you that goes with the half of the body that is controlled by that hemisphere. | 68 | |
| 5018764548 | Left hemisphere: | · Thoughts and logic · Detail · Language: words and definitions (literal) · Calculation · Pieces and details | 69 | |
| 5018766435 | Right hemisphere: | · Feelings and intuition · Big picture · Language: tone, inflection, context (inferences) · Perception · Wholes, including the self | 70 |