VCE Unit 2 Psychology Flashcards

1874378361	Attitude	an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue.	0
1874378362	Tri-component model of attitudes	a theory that proposes that any attitude has three related components, the affective, behavioural and cognitive.	1
1874378363	Affective component of the tri-component model of attitudes	the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue.	2
1874378364	Behavioural component of the tri-component model of attitudes	the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions (or how we might behave should the opportunity arise)	3
1874378365	Cognitive component of the tri-component model of attitudes	the beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event or issue.	4
1874378366	Cognitive dissonance	when you are aware of conflict between different components of an attitude, or behave differently to the way we think we should behave. This may cause discomfort or psychological tension.	5
1874378367	Classical conditioning	a simple form of learning which occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli (events) e.g. Dog and bell	6
1874378368	Modelling	a type of learning that involves observing behaviour and its consequences to guide one's future thoughts, feelings or behaviour. Also called observational learning	7
1874378369	Steps of observational learning (modelling)	attention, retention, reproduction, motivation/reinforcement.	8
1874378370	Operant conditioning	a kind of learning based on the assumption that we tend to repeat behaviour which has a desirable consequence or result and tend not to repeat behaviour which has an undesirable consequence or result	9
1874378371	Stereotyping	a collection of beliefs about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members of that group	10
1874378372	Prejudice	holding a negative attitude towards he members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group	11
1874378373	Racism	occurs when prejudice and discrimination are directed at people who are members of a particular racial or ethnic group	12
1874378374	Sexism	occurs when prejudice and discrimination are directed at women or men because of their sex	13
1874378375	Ageism	occurs when prejudice and discrimination are directed at people because of their age	14
1874378376	Ingroup	any group to which an individual belongs or with which an individual identifies	15
1874378377	Outgroup	any group to which an individual does or identify	16
1874378378	Intergroup conflict	when members of different groups compete to achieve or control something that is wanted by the members of each group	17
1874378379	Intergroup contact	a strategy for reducing prejudice by increasing specific types of direct contact between two groups who are prejudiced against each other	18
1874378380	Mutual interdependence	when two groups who are prejudiced against each other depend on each other to achieve something	19
1874378381	Superordinate goals	a goal that cannot be achieved by any group alone and overrides other existing goas which each group might have	20
1874378382	Sustained contact	ongoing contact between two or more people (or groups0 either directly or indirectly over a period of time	21
1874378383	Equality of status	when each group is considered to have the same importance	22
1874378384	Discrimination	positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members	23
1874378385	Group	any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose	24
1874378386	Status	refers to the importance of an individual's position in the group, as perceived by the members of the group	25
1874378387	Reward power	ability to give positive consequences or remove negative consequences in response to specific behaviour	26
1874378388	Coercive power	ability to give negative consequences or remove positive consequences in response to specific behaviour	27
1874378389	Legitimate power	an individual's status or position in a group, institution or society in general gives them the right (authority) to exercise power over those with a lower status or with less authority	28
1874378390	Referent power	individuals identify with or want to be like or liked by this person	29
1874378391	Expert power	having special knowledge or skills that are desirable or needed	30
1874378392	Informational power	having resources or information that are useful and are not available elsewhere	31
1874378393	Social proximity	the closeness between two or more people may include the physical distance between the people as well as the closeness of their relationship. Affects obedience	32
1874378394	Legitimacy of the authority figure	an individual is more likely to be obedient when the authority figure is perceived as being legitimate and having power	33
1874378395	Group pressure	an individual is more likely to be obedient where there is little or no group support for resisting the authority figure	34
1874378396	Peer pressure	social influence by peers, to think, feel or behave in a particular way	35
1874378397	Thrill seeking	behaviours that are challenging but socially acceptable	36
1874378398	Reckless	often thrill seeking but more likely not to be accepted by the adult population and have negative social or health related outcomes	37
1874378399	Rebellious	involves experiments with activities usually acceptable for adults but disapproved for adolescents	38
1874378400	Anti-social	considered unacceptable for both adults and adolescents	39
1874378401	Noticing the situation	when you are on your own you are quicker to notice the situation	40
1874378402	Interpreting the situation	how the person interprets the situation will influence how your respond	41
1874378403	Taking responsibility for helping	people are unlikely to help unless they believe it is their duty to do so	42
1874378404	The bystander effect	the tendency for an individual to be less likely to help when there are other bystanders around	43
1874378405	Social norms	standards, or "rules", in social groups, cultures or wider society that govern what people should or should not do in different social situations	44
1874378406	Personal factors	mood, empathy, competence	45
1874378407	Mood	your mood will impact the likelihood that you will help	46
1874378408	Empathy	the ability to identify with and understand another person's feelings or difficulties	47
1874378409	Competence	ability or skills required to assist in a situation	48
1874378410	Diffusion of responsibility	the belief that, in a situation where help is required and others are present, responsibility is spread across the whole group, leading each individual to feel less responsible for helping than when alone because they assume that someone else will take on the responsibility of helping	49
1874378411	Audience inhibition	not helping another person because of a fear of appearing foolish in the presence of others	50
1874378412	Cost-benefit analysis	weighing up the personal and social costs of helping against the benefits of helping	51
1874378413	Conscious	level of awareness that includes everything we are thinking, remembering, feeling, sensing or notice at any particular moment	52
1874378414	Preconscious	the level of awareness that contains much of the information considered to be at the 'back of one's mind' but which can easily be brought into one's conscious mind (awareness)	53
1874378415	Unconscious	a storage place for all the information about a person that is not acceptable to the conscious mind	54
1874378416	Id	the innate, biological needs which all individuals are said to be born with	55
1874378417	Ego	the realistic and logical part of personality, often playing the role of mediator between id and superego conflicts	56
1874378418	Super ego	the part of personality that judges the individual's thoughts, feelings and actions according to the morals and ideals of the society in which they live	57
1874378419	Oral stage	the stage when pleasure for the child centres around its mouth through sucking, biting and chewing. Birth to 2 years	58
1874378420	Anal stage	the stage of personality development when the focus of pleasure relates to the anus. 2 to 3 years	59
1874378421	Phallic stage	the stage of personality development when the child's attention is often focused on the sex organs. 4 to 5 years	60
1874378422	Latency stage	the period when psychosexual development is dormant and the child focuses on developing close relationships with others of the same sex. 6 to puberty	61
1874378423	Genital stage	the stage when sexual energies are focused on the genitals. Puberty to death	62
1874378424	Denial	Refusing to believe whatever it is that would cause anxiety	63
1874378425	Repression	Preventing unacceptable thoughts or feelings from entering conscious awareness, therefore preventing anxiety	64
1874378426	Reaction	formation- Thinking, feeling or behaving in a manner which is opposite to how you really think, feel or behave	65
1874378427	Regression	Going back to a younger, child-like, immature, way of behaving	66
1874378428	Projection	Shifting our unwanted thoughts, feelings or personal shortcomings onto someone else	67
1874378429	Rationalisation	Making up a socially acceptable explanation to justify unacceptable thoughts, feelings or behaviour	68
1874378430	Compensation	Attempting to cover up a real or imagined weakness by emphasising something in which you excel	69
1874378431	Sublimation	Channelling unacceptable thoughts, impulses or wishes in a socially acceptable way	70
1874378432	Intellectualisation	Ignoring emotions and feelings by talking about an emotionally painful event in a 'cold', unemotional way	71
1874378433	Fantasy	Fulfilling unconscious wishes or impulses by imagining them in activities	72
1874378434	Displacement	Directing an emotion away from the object or person that caused it to a substitute object or person that is less threatening	73
1874378435	Big Five Personality model	OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)	74
1874378436	Openness	includes traits such as imaginative, curious, artistic and unconventional	75
1874378437	Conscientiousness	includes traits such as organised, thorough, efficient, competent, reliable and self-disciplined	76
1874378438	Extraversion	includes traits such as outgoing, sociable, talkative, energetic and adventurous	77
1874378439	Agreeableness	includes traits such as cooperative, sympathetic, kind, affectionate, forgiving and straightforwardness (not demanding)	78
1874378440	Neuroticism	includes traits such as tense, anxious, moody, irritable and self-conscious	79
1874378441	Nature versus nurture	the relative influence of heredity and environment on development of behaviour and mental processes	80
1874378442	Ethics	confidentiality, withdrawal rights, informed consent, voluntary participation, deception, debriefing	81
1874378443	Confidentiality	means that there must not be any information which could lead to a disclosure of a participant's identity or responses in the reporting, storage or disposal of research without permission	82
1874378444	Withdrawal rights	mean that the participant can choose to leave the study at any time and can also choose to have their data omitted from research results	83
1874378445	Informed consent	involves telling potential participants the nature of the experiment as well as potential risks of being involved and their rights. It requires participants to express written consent regarding being part of the experiment	84
1874378446	Voluntary participation	ensures that potential participants want to be part of the experiment and are not obligated to participate or coerced into participating in any way	85
1874378447	Deception	should only be used if disclosure of the nature of the study will jeopardise the study and findings and if used, there must be adequate debriefing	86
1874378448	Debriefing	occurs after the experiment where researchers inform participants of their findings and clear up any misunderstandings or questions and experimenters tell participants the true nature of the research. The experimenters also need to ensure that no harm has come to any participant.	87
1874378449	Aim	the main purpose of the design of the experiment	88
1874378450	Hypothesis	a testable prediction of a relationship between two or more events	89
1874378451	Convenience sampling	participants are selected for the sample based on the ease of access and selection	90
1874378452	Advantage of convenience sampling	the sample is very easy to obtain	91
1874378453	Disadvantage of convenience sampling	the sample is likely to be biased	92
1874378454	Random sampling	every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample	93
1874378455	Advantage of random sampling	it is time and cost effective to collect a large sample	94
1874378456	Disadvantage of random sampling	the sample may not be representative of the population	95
1874378457	Stratified sampling	members of the population are broken into groups, or strata, based on particular characteristics; a proportionate number of members in each group is then selected for the sample	96
1874378458	Advantage of stratified sampling	the sample has a proportionate number of participants representing each characteristic in a population	97
1874378459	Disadvantage of stratified sampling	although the sample is a representative sample, the participants selected from each characteristic may be biased	98
1874378460	Random stratified sampling	members of the population are broken into groups, or strata, based on particular characteristics; a proportionate number of members in each groups is then randomly selected for the sample	99
1874378461	Advantage of random stratified sampling	the sample is representative of the population	100
1874378462	Disadvantage of random stratified sampling	it takes a lot of resources (time and money) to select a sample	101
1874378463	Control group	not exposed to the IV	102
1874378464	Experimental group	exposed to the IV	103
1874378465	Allocation	dividing your sample	104
1874378466	Matched participants	participants are matched according to personal characteristics. One is exposed to the IV and one is not	105
1874378467	Independent groups	participants are divided into two separate groups. One is exposed to the IV and one is not	106
1874378468	Repeated measures	participants are divided into separate groups. Each group is exposed to the IV at different times	107
1874378469	Counterbalancing	used in repeated measures. The groups are further divided so that participants are exposed to the control and experimental group at different times	108
1874378470	Extraneous variable	may cause an unwanted effect on the DV	109
1874378471	Confounding variable	will definitely cause a change to the DV	110
1874378472	Types of extraneous variables	participant, experimenter, situational	111
1874378473	Participant extraneous variable	individual differences in personal characteristics among research participants	112
1874378474	Experimenter extraneous variable	personal characteristics of the experimenters and how they may influence the participants	113
1874378475	Situational extraneous variable	extra variables from the environment that may cause a change in the DV	114
1874378476	Qualitative data	numerical	115
1874378477	Qualitative data	categorical	116
1874378478	Inferential statistic	a type of statistic that enables researchers to decide if the IV has caused the DV	117
1874378479	Descriptive statistic	results based on personal accounts, descriptions, qualitative	118
1874378480	P-Value-	"Probability Value" the P-Value indicates if the results are simply due to chance or they are because of a cause and effect relationship. Given as a percentage. P= <0.05 - less than 5% is good	119
1874378481	Research report format	cover page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and appendix	120