Abu Bakr A wealthy merchant and Muhammad?s Father-in-law, Muhammad?s chief advisor; led public prayers during Muhammad?s final illness; chosen to be the leader by Muhammad?s closest followers after his death. Named Caliph in 632. Mu?awiyah Governor of Syria; one of Ali?s chief rivals who became Caliph. Known for one thing?he used force only when absolutely necessary. Moved the capital of the Arab Empire from Madinah to Damascus. Shari?ah Muslim scholars developed a law code known as this. It provides believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives. Based on scholars interpretations of the Quran. Madinah