HOSA Forensic Medicine 2014 Flashcards

3650504574	Odontology	dentistry; study of the biology and repair of teeth	0
3650504575	Dentition	complement of teeth of an individual	1
3650504576	Bite Marks	usually horse-shoe shaped pattern left in inanimate objects or the tissue of a victim	2
3650504577	Negligence	failure to treat the patient at the highest level of care and competency	3
3650504578	Prognosis	predicted outcome of a patient's condition	4
3650504579	Primary Dentition	the 20 baby teeth	5
3650504580	Permanent Dentition	the 32 adult teeth	6
3650504581	Maxilla	upper jaw	7
3650504582	Mandible	lower jaw	8
3650504583	Enamel	outer covering of the crown of the tooth	9
3650504584	Cementum	outer covering of the roof of the tooth	10
3650504585	Sharpey's Fibers	specialized fibers that connect both the tooth and the alveolar bone to the periodontal ligament	11
3650504586	Periodontal Ligaments	specialized connective tissue ligament that holds the tooth in the alveolus	12
3650504587	Alveolus	bony socket in either the maxilla or mandible that holds the tooth	13
3650504588	Pulp	neurovascular tissue in the center of the tooth	14
3650504589	Commissure	corner of the mouth	15
3650504590	Ramus of the Mandible	vertical portion of the lower jaw that communicates with the skull	16
3650504591	Vestibule	circular space formed by the meeting of the jaw and the cheeks	17
3650504592	Avulsed	expelled or removed	18
3650504593	Antemortem	before death	19
3650504594	Perimortem	at or around the time of death	20
3650504595	Dedicated Dimensional Standard	labeled ruler that is used in all analyses and photographs for a given bite mark case	21
3650504596	Standard of Care	medical or psychological treatment guideline; can be general or specific; specifies appropriate treatment based on scientific evidence and collaboration between medical and/or psychological professionals involved in the treatment of a given condition	22
3650504597	Forensic Toxicology	examination of all aspects of toxicology (the study of drugs and poisons that may have legal implications)	23
3650504598	Postmortem Drug Testing	examination performed on blood, urine, and/or body tissues to determine if drugs were a contributing factor in a death	24
3650504599	Contraband	in forensic toxicology and drug testing facilities refers to suspected controlled	25
3650504600	Vitreous Humor	ocular fluid (fluid in the eye) that is often utilized as a sample for testing in postmortem toxicology	26
3650504601	Workplace Drug Testing	examination performed on primary blood and urine from employees or job applicants for drug content	27
3650504602	NIDA	national institute of drug abuse	28
3650504603	Accuracy	ability of a measurement to match the value of the quantity measured; correctness	29
3650504604	Amphetamine	controlled substance along with its analogs , such as methamphetamine that creates a state of wakefulness, euphoria, and excitatory condition (stimulation)	30
3650504605	Hallucinogen	psychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or alters sensory experiences	31
3650504606	Narcotic	addictive substance that reduces pains, alters mood and behavior, and usually induces sleep or stupor	32
3650504607	Cannabinoids	term applied to marijuana and parts of the plant cannabis sativa in which tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active agent	33
3650504608	Phencyclidine	PCP; drug originally developed as a surgical anesthetic that was discontinued due to adverse patients reactions; abusers of the drug often experience severe psychiatric manifestations	34
3650504609	Cyanide	CN; highly toxic chemical especially in the form of gas (hydrogen cyanine)	35
3650504610	Chain of Custody	documented process the evidence goes through from the point of gathering to the final presentation in the court; intended to assure that there has been no tampering or altering the evidence	36
3650504611	Gas Chromatography	gas flowing through a coated tube separates compounds by their size, weight, and chemical reactivity with the coating of the tube or column	37
3650504612	Immunoassays	tests utilizing antibodies that react with the drug or substance that recognizes the antibody	38
3650504613	Fluorescence	property of a product producing light when acted upon by radiant energy	39
3650504614	Chemiluminescence	process by which light is emitted as a product of a chemical reaction	40
3650504615	TLC	wet chemical test known as thin layer chromatography	41
3650504616	Ultraviolet	area of the light spectrum just past visible violet and before the x-ray region	42
3650504617	Enhancement	rendering an impression more visible through physical, photographic, chemical, or digital methods	43
3650504618	Retention Time	time required for a substance to travel from the injection port to the detector in a gas or liquid chromatographic system	44
3650504619	Mass Spectrometry	technique based of the detection of vaporized molecules and their ionized (charged) fragments; detection and display of the spectra are based on the mass-to-mass charge ratios of the ions; method is specific for qualitative analysis and useful for quantitative analysis	45
3650504620	Chemical Ionization	a type of mass spectrometry in which a molecule reacts under relatively low energy with a reagent gas rather than fragmenting extensively	46
3650504621	NIST	national institute of standards and technology	47
3650504622	LC-MS	liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is a technique that replaces a gas chromatograph with a liquid chromatograph	48
3650504623	AAS	atomic absorption spectroscopy; technique for metal analysis utilizing the reduction of a metal in a solution to an atom, usually by a flame	49
3650504624	NAA	neutron activation analysis; technique for metal analysis utilizing the characteristics of emitted radiation for the detection and quantitation of metals	50
3650504625	Nucleus	cellular organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope; it encloses the chromosomes during the interphase	51
3650504626	ICP-MS	inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy; modern technique for metal analysis that utilizes radio frequency energy for the detection and quantitation of metals	52
3650504627	Isotopes	chemical element that exits in alternate forms containing identical numbers of protons and different numbers of neutrons	53
3650504628	Toxicogenomics	field of science that deals with how genomes respond to toxins	54
3650504629	LD50	quantity of a substance that kills 50 percent of the population	55
3650504630	GC-MS	acronym for gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry	56
3650504631	Who was the first to use fingerprinting as a method of identification on a large scale?	Sir William Hershel-1856	57
3650504632	Who was the first to devise a method of classification based on fingerprints?	Dr. Henry Faulds-1880	58
3650504633	Who's was the first official use of a fingerprint in the United States?	Gilbert Thompson-1882	59
3650504634	What were Sir Francis Galton's calculations of the odds of two individual fingerprints being the same?	1 in 64 billion	60
3650504635	Who began the first fingerprint files?	Juan Vucetich -1891	61
3650504636	When was the first criminal fingerprint identification made?	1892	62
3650504637	When was the introduction of fingerprints for criminal identification in England and Wales?	1901	63
3650504638	What is the classification system for fingerprinting used in all English speaking countries called?	Henry Classification System	64
3650504639	What does AFIS stand for?	Automated Fingerprint Identification System	65
3650504640	What does the AFIS do?	Provides: -Automated fingerprint search -latent print searching capability -electronic image storage -electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses 24/7	66
3650504641	What does the acronym CPIN stand for? How does it work?	C-Commonwealth P-Photo I-Imaging N-Network A computer network that extends PA and is used to record and store digital photos of crime suspects	67
3650504642	Ballistics	the science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles, most often firearms and bullets.	68
3650504643	Odontology	in forensics, examination of bite marks and dental identification of corpses.	69
3650504644	Pathology	investigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent death.	70
3650504645	Entomology	the study of insects.	71
3650504646	Palynology	the study of pollen and spores.	72
3650504647	Polygraphy	the use of the "lie detector". Polygraph = lie detector	73
3650504648	Laceration	Caused by a blunt object	74
3650504649	Incised wounds	Caused by a sharp object	75
3650504650	Perforating gunshot wound	Has an entrance and an exit wound	76
3650504651	Penetrating gunshot wound	Does not have an exit wound.	77
3650504652	Mechanism of Death	Biochemical or physiologic abnormality produced by the cause of death that is incompatible with life	78
3650504653	Manner of Death MOD	The fashion in which the cause of death came to be.	79
3650504654	Rigor mortis	Stiffening of the muscles that occurs following the death of a person. The glycogen in the body is not reformed leaving muscles stiff	80
3650504655	Livor Mortis	Discoloration of the body which occurs from te settling of red blood cells after the blood stops circulating. Lividity becomes fixed at 12hrs	81
3650504656	Algor Mortis	Cooling of the body that occurs after death. This obviously varies greatly.	82
3650504657	Mechanical traumas	Can be sharp or blunt. Blunt traumas are further divided into firearm and non-firearm.	83
3650504658	Non-penetrating traumas	Can be sharp or blunt. Blunt traumas are further divided into firearm and non-firearm.	84
3650504659	GSR	Gun shot residue Gun powder leftover from shooting a gun	85
3650504660	DOA	Dead on arrival, Death on Arrival	86
3650504661	Cannabis	marujuana;pot	87
3650504662	Teratogen	an agent that can cause birth defects in an embryo or fetus. two well-known examples are alcohol and thalidomide.	88
3650504663	Alkaloid	Examples are cocaine, nicotine, strychnine, caffenine, and morphine.	89
3650504664	Analgesics	drugs that relieve pain.	90
3650504665	Presumptive Test	test that presumes the presence of the questioned substanced; also called a screening test.	91
3650504666	Osteons	structures in bones that carry the blood supply.	92
3650504667	Femur	long bone found in the leg extending from the hip to the knee.	93
3650504668	Tibia	long bone found in the leg extending from the knee to the ankle.	94
3650504669	Humerus	long bone found in the arm extending from the shoulder to the elbow. upper arm	95
3650504670	Radius	long bone found in the arm extending from the elbow to the wrist.	96
3650504671	Os Pubis	area on the anterior side of the pelvis where the hip bones come together.	97
3650504672	Ventral Arc	a bony ridge that is formed on the ventral (lower) side of the female os pubis.	98
3650504673	Epiphyses	growth plates found at the ends of the long bones. they form in adolescence and fuse to the bone during early adulthood.	99
3650504674	Diaphysis	the shaft of a long bone.	100
3650504675	Iliac Crest	found on the top of the hip bone.	101
3650504676	Clavicle	also known as the collarbone; its medial ends meet in the center of the body.	102
3650504677	Sutures	immovable joints where bonesare joined together. they are visible as seams on the surface.	103
3650504678	Symphysis	a place where two bones meet and may rub together.	104
3650504679	Caucasoid	descriptor for people of European, Middle Eastern, and East Indian descent.	105
3650504680	Negroid	descriptor for people of African, Aborigine, and Melanesian descent.	106
3650504681	Monogoloid	descriptor for people of Asian, Native American, Polynesian descent.	107
3650504682	Modus Operandi (MO)	the characteristic method of operation of a criminal; sometimes referred to as MO.	108
3650504683	Statutory Law	legislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something.	109
3650504684	Common Law or Case Law	Type of law that is formulated by judges or determined by court decisions.	110
3650504685	Civil Law	A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.	111
3650504686	Criminal Law	Codes of behavior related to the protection of property and individual safety	112
3650504687	Misdemeanor	a minor crime, less than a felony, usually punished with a fine or confinement other than in a prison.	113
3650504688	Felony	a serious crime, such as murder, punishable by more than one year of imprisonment up to excution.	114
3650504689	What is the two-pronged test that foresic pathologists use?	First, is the death sudden. Second, was the death expected.(i.e. if person had been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease then death would have been expected even if sudden.	115
3650504690	What two methods to pathologist use to obtain DNA from victim for future DNA analysis?	A drop of blood or a hair with the blub still attached	116
3650504691	What are the three major subgroupings of forensic psychiatry?	Criminal forensic psychiatry, civil forensic psychiatry, administrative forensic psychiatry.	117
3650504692	Dactyloscopy	the study of fingerprints. the word is drived from the Greek daktulos, meaning finger.	118
3650504693	Anthropometry	the study of human body measurements. the word is derived from the Greek anthropos, meaning man.	119
3650504694	Loop	fingerprint pattern with one or more ridges entering from one side, curving, then going out on the same side entered.	120
3650504695	Delta	triangular area found in all loop and whorl patterns	121
3650504696	Core	area found near the center of all loop and whorl patterns.	122
3650504697	Whorl	fingerprint pattern with at least two deltas and a core.	123
3650504698	Arch	least common and simpliest fingerprint pattern. they have no delta or core. all ridges enter one side and exit the other.	124
3650504699	Visible Print	fingerprint left by a finger that has touched blood, paint, ink, or the like.	125
3650504700	Latent Print	fingerprint made by the deposit of perspiration or body oils; invisible to the naked eye until developed.	126
3650504701	Minutiae	in description of fingerprints, ridge characteristics.	127
3650504702	Bifurcations	common minutiae, shaped like a two-pronged fork.	128
3650504703	Locard Exchange Principle	there is always a cross transfer of evidence between suspect and victim or locale.	129
3650504704	Cuticle (Hair)	tough, clear outside covering of the hair shaft.	130
3650504705	Cortex (Hair)	middle layer of the hair shaft that provides strength; compromises most of the hair mass.	131
3650504706	Medulla (Hair)	the spongy anterior core of hair that gives it flexibilty; appears as a canal in the middle of the shaft.	132
3650504707	Keratin	A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails is	133
3650504708	False Positive	a test result that comes out positive when it should not; often caused by comtamination or failure to run a control.	134
3650504709	Catalyst	a small amount of a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process.	135
3650504710	Viscosity	the resistance of a fluid to flow. water is low relative to syrup. heating generally lowers this of a liquid.	136
3650504711	Homopolymers	polymers made up of one type of repeating unit. each is made from one monomer only.	137
3650504712	Polyethers	a series of carbon atoms connected by oxygen atoms.	138
3650504713	Chromatography	A technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material.	139
3650504714	Elute	to extract one material from another, usually by means of a solvent.	140
3650504715	Designer Drug	drugs synthesized with particular pharmacological characteristics, designed for abuse and evasion of specific drug laws.	141
3650504716	Cheliloscopy	the study of lip prints, from the Greek word cheilos, meaning lip.	142
3650504717	Conchoidal Fracture	A curved fracture surface; looks like the inside of a clam shell	143
3650504718	Hemoglobin	the oxygen carrier that gives red blood cells their color. it is composed of four globen (protein) chains, each with heme group.	144
3650504719	Precipitin Test	test that distingushes between human and animal blood	145
3650504720	Chemiluminescence	the emmission of light from a chemical reaction. within an organism such as a firefly. it is called bioluminescence.	146
3650504721	Antigens	foreign substances in the body that are capable of causing disease. the presence of antigens triggers an immune response, usually the production of antibodies.	147
3650504722	Agglutinate	an allergic reaction where red blood cells clump together, usually in response to a particular antibody.	148
3650504723	Serology	the laboratory study of body fluids using specific antigen and serum antibody reactions.	149
3650504724	Erythrocytes	red blood cells.	150
3650504725	Leukocytes	White Blood Cells	151
3650504726	ABO	a basic classification system for blood types based upon the reaction of antigens and antibodies.	152
3650504727	Taxonomy	the classification ont things in an orderly way that indicates natural relationships.	153
3650504728	Carrion	the carcass of a dead and decaying animal.	154
3650504729	Postmortem Interval (PMI)	the time elapsed since a person has died.	155
3650504730	Caliber	A measure of the inside diameter of a firearm barrel	156
3650504731	Bore	the interior diameter of a gun barrel.	157
3650504732	Gauge	A measure related to the diameter of the bore and the size of the shotshell designed for that bore	158
3650504733	Shot	lead spheres in a shotgun shell.	159
3650504734	Slug	a single shot or bullet in a shotgun shell.	160
3650504735	Striae	parallel sets of scratches on a bullet caused by unique markings in the bore of a rifled weapon.	161
3650504736	Head Stamp	numerals, letters, and symbols on the base of a cartridge showing the manufacturer, caliber, and code.	162
3650504737	Breech	portion of the gun that contains the firing mechanism.	163
3650504738	Magazine	a container that holds cartridges under spring pressure to be fed into the gun's chamber; also called a clip.	164
3650504739	Chamber	part of the firearm that contains a cartridge for firing.	165
3650504740	Blind Forgery	one made without a model of this signnature or writing being forged.	166
3650504741	Forgery	an item prepared with the intent to deceive or defraud. it can be an autograph, a book, a painting, a baseball card, a stamp, an antique, or almost anything.	167
3650504742	Simulated Forgery	one made by copying a genuine signature.	168
3650504743	Traced Forgery	one made by tracing a genuine signature.	169
3650504744	Indented Writing	impressions left under paper that has been written on.	170
3650504745	When were psychologists recognized in court?	Jenkins v United States 1962	171
3650504746	Name the 4 roles of a forensic psychologists.	1. Research: investigate legal processes and phenomena 2. Intervention (aka treatment or therapy) 3. Assessment: psychological appraisal 4. Consultation: provide information to agencies including police departments judges, attorneys and jail staff	172
3650504747	What is the most prevalent area of forensic psychology research?	Eyewitness testimony	173
3650504748	Confession.	Admission of guilt • Most damaging piece of evidence in a trial	174
3650504749	False confession.	Admission of guilt by an innocent person	175
3650504750	Name the 3 primary reasons for a false confession.	1. Publicity 2. To end punishment 3. Highly suggestible and stressed	176
3650504751	Name 2 main roles of a forensic psychologist in assessment.	1. Involves test administration 2. Testify as expert witness	177
3650504752	What are the 3 primary states when testifying as an expert witness?	1. Dangerousness: likelihood to cause emotional or physical harm 2. Competency: ability to understand nature and purpose of court proceedings 3. Insanity: legal term for unsoundness of mind such that nature of a (criminal) act was not perceived to be wrong	178
3650504753	What are the 4 areas of dangerousness?	1. Violence 2. Suicide 3. Child and domestic abuse 4. Sexual abuse	179
3650504754	Name 2 way to be considered for insanity.	1. Cannot distinguish fantasy from reality 2. Subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior	180
3650504755	Name 2 possible verdicts if one is found insane.	1. Not guilty by reason of insanity 2. Not guilty by reason of temporary insanity	181
3650504756	Signature	Unique manner in which a person commits crime to emotionally fulfill himself	182
3650504757	Who was the Vampire of Sacramento? Give some background information.	• Richard Trenton Chase • Unemployed, white male, 27 years old • Lived alone, 1 block from killings • Found body parts and bloodstained blender, calendar with more dates	183
3650504758	What is Algor mortis? Time Frame	Definiton:Decrease in body temperature after death Time:Body cools at a rate of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per hour for the first 12 hours then 1 degree Fahrenheit per hour for the next 12 to 18 hours	184
3650504759	What is Livor Mortis? Time Frame?	Definition:Purple/red discoloration in the dependent areas of the body due to accumulation of blood after cardiac activity has ceased Time:Begins between 30 minutes to 2 hours after death Usually "fixed" by 8 to 12 hours after death	185
3650504760	What are the specific types of lividity and what causes them?	Cherry red lividity: carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning and cold temperatures ~Minimal lividity: hypovolemic shock or anemia	186
3650504761	What was the first published account involving a convition based on bite marks as evidence.	Doyle v. State; Texas, 1954	187
3650504762	Pathology	The study of disease	188
3650504763	Biopsy	Examination of a tissue sample	189
3650504764	Theory	A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena	190
3650504765	Autopsy	An examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the vital organs for determining the cause of death.	191
3650504766	Cytopathology	study of the diseases of cells	192
3650504767	Clinical pathology	Involves the analysis and interpretation of the chemical, hormonal, and biochemical components of body fluids to determine whether a disease is present	193
3650504768	Microbiology	Involves the testing and diagnosis of material to determine which infectious organism is infecting or investing the patient	194
3650504769	Histopathology	Microscopic analysis of diseased tissue	195
3650504770	Hematopathology	Diagnosis blood disease And blood forming organs	196
3650504771	Neuropathologist	Focuses on disease of the nervous system	197
3650504772	Dermatopathology	Focuses on skin diseases	198
3650504773	Forensic pathology	Main effort is to determine the cause of death and the circumstances of how the death occurred	199
3650504774	Coroner	Word comes a from the Anglo-Norman word corouner, a word derived from coroune ("crown"). May not be physician/ pathologist. Usually decides if an autopsy is needed then hires a hospital/ forensic pathologist to perform. Is given past medical records and injuries	200
3650504775	Medical Examiner	Forensic pathologist (death investigator) Does not work from a medical chart. Examining clothes is very important in establishing how the death occurred	201
3650504776	CT	Computed tomography	202
3650504777	MRI	Magnetic Resonance Imaging	203
3650504778	Postmortem interval	Time of death	204
3650504779	Algor mortis	Cooling of the body; normal temp is approx 98.6° and this is maintained 1-3 hours after death then the body begins to cool at a rate of approx 1° per hour	205
3650504780	Livor mortis	Discoloration of the body; occurs when the heart stops beating, the blood stops circulating and stagnates.	206
3650504781	Rigor mortis	Stiffening of the body; begins 20 minutes after death with the smaller muscles of the jaw then continues over the next 6-12 hours and over the next 12-24 hours disappears ually in the same way it appeared	207
3650504782	Postmortem lividity	the setting of the blood in the body after death, which results in a blue/purple discoloration of the skin	208
3650504783	Contusion	A black or blue injury	209
3650504784	Cadaveric spasm	The muscles contract forcibly at the moment of death	210
3650504785	Autolysis	Self loosen; occurs inside the body and affects internal organs, including the brain.	211
3650504786	Marbling	Greenish discoloration begins around the belly button and the numerous veins beneath the skin become visible and may also show greenish discoloration	212
3650504787	Mummification	The skin shrinks and dries, occurs under specific environmental conditions	213
3650504788	Adipocere	Waxy fat; happens with bodies under water	214
3650504789	Floaters	Decomposed bodies ; wet floaters found in water and dry floaters are found on land	215
3650504790	Macerated	softening and breaking down of skin from prolonged exposure to moisture	216
3650504791	Skeletonization	The end result of decomp.. Accelerated by bugs who have infested the body.	217
3650504792	Forensic entomologist	Person who studies bugs; can determine the approximate postmortem interval based on the type and stage of the insect larvae present	218
3650504793	Presumptive ID	Identification found on a persons unidentifiable body that is not considered an ID. A positive ID must be made, usually done by friends or relatives.	219
3650504794	Forensic odontologist	Forensic dentist; can examine and x-ray the teeth and compare to files of the deceaseds local dentist.	220
3650504795	Forensic anthropologist	Person who studies bones; can help determine the age, sex, race, and approx height. PHYSICAL anthro can reconstruct an accurate face from a skull.	221
3650504796	Manner of death	How death occurred; 5 possibilities - natural -accidental -suicide -homicide -undetermined	222
3650504797	Pericardium	Firbrous sac that encloses the heart. Opened during an autopsy to remove the heart.	223
3650504798	Arteriosclerosis	Hardening of the arteries	224
3650504799	Myocardial Infarction	The blockage of blood to the heart resulting I'm the death of the heart muscle	225
3650504800	Small intestines	Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum	226
3650504801	Meninges	Membranes that surround the brain.	227
3650504802	Dura mater	(Meninges) lies just beneath the internal surface of the skull; firm, touch, and fibrous membrane that covers the outside of the brain.	228
3650504803	Epidural hemmorhage	Hemorrhage due to trauma between the dura mater and the skull	229
3650504804	Subdural hemorrhage	Blood lies below the dura mater	230
3650504805	Arachnoid	Two filmy, thin, transparent membranes that cover the brain directly below the mater	231
3650504806	Pia mater	The transparent innermost membrane covering the brain	232
3650504807	Leptomenginges	The almost inseparable combination of the delicate middle arachnoid (spider-web like membrane) and the transparent inner membrane covering the brain, the pia mater	233
3650504808	Provisional anatomic diagnoses	A listing made of the autopsy findings made by a forensic pathologist	234