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AP Biology Chapter 14 Flashcards

Mendel and the Gene Idea

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3441664073Characterheritable feature that varies among individuals0
3441664074Traitevery variant for a character1
3441668795True Breeding-varieties over many generations -produced only same variety as parent2
3441670028Hybridizationmating/crossing of 2 true-breeding varieties3
3441672850P Generation-parental generation -true breeding parents4
3441674178F1 Generation-first filial generation -hybrid offspring of P generation5
3441676928F2 Generation-second filial generation -offspring of F1 hybrids w/ self pollination6
3441678706Alleles-alternative versions of genes -DNA variations possible for gene at particular locus7
3441681057Dominant Alleledetermines organism's appearance8
3441687230Recessive Allelehas no noticeable effect on organism's appearance9
3441688222Law of SEgregationdf: the 2 alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes -egg/sperm gets 1/2 alleles present in somatic cells of organism making gamete -segregation corresponds to distribution of 2 members of homologous pair of chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis10
3441702161Punnett Squarediagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup11
3441709844Homozygouspair of identical alleles for a character of a gene (PP, pp)12
3441711748Heterozygous-pair of different alleles for a character of a gene (Pp) -not true-breeding b/c produces gametes w/ different alleles13
3441715515Phenotypeorganism's appearance or observable traits14
3441718420Genotypeorganism's genetic makeup15
3441718421Testcross-breeding an organism of unknown genotype w/ recessive homozygote -can reveal genotype of organism16
3441721652Monohybrid-progeny produced by crossing different true-breeding parents -heterozygous for one character17
3441728878Law of Independent Assortment-each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pair of alleles during gamete formation -only applies to genes located on different chromosomes18
3441739395Complete Dominance-offspring always looks like one of 2 parental varieties -phenotypes of homozygous dominant and heterozygous indistinguishable19
3441742210Incomplete Dominance-neither allele of gene complete dominant, F1 hybrids have phenotype in between 2 parents -ex. red flower x white flower = pink flower20
3441748925Codominance-2 alleles of gene both affect phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways -ex. red flower x white flower = red & white flower21
3441754805Tay-Sachs Disease-inherited disorder of alleles depends on level at which phenotype observed lipids b/c crucial enzyme doesn't work -> accumulation of lipids -causes seizures, blindness, degeneration of motor and mental performance in few years -only inherited by children w/ 2 copies of Tay-Sachs allele (homozygotes) -organismal level: allele recessive -biochemical level: incomplete dominance (activity level of lipid-metabolizing enzyme=intermediate) -molecular level: codominance (heterozygous individuals produce equal normal and dysfunctional enzymes)22
3441779389Pleiotropy-property where genes have multiple phenotypic effects -ex. alleles responsible for many symptoms associated w/ hereditary diseases (cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell)23
3441790994Epistasis-gene in one locus alters phenotypic expression of gene at second locus -ex. one allele codes for skin color, another codes for pigmentation deposit-if pigmentation allele recessive, organism will be white (albino) despite skin color allele)24
3441793919Quantitative Characterscharacters that vary in a population along a continuum (in graduations)25
3441795385Polygenic Inheritance-an additive effect of 2+ genes of a single phenotypic character -ex. skin color26
3441813901Norm of Reactionphenotypic range for genotypes of organisms27
3441815826Multifactorialmany factors (genetic and environmental) influence phenotype28
3441817065Pedigree-family tree describing traits of parents and children across generations -helps calculate probability that child will have particular genotype and phenotype, if child could inherit some genetic disease29
3441821813Carriersheterozygotes who could transmit recessive allele to offspring30
3441826639Cystic Fibrosis-results in abnormally high concentration of EC chloride -> mucus in lungs to be thicker and stickier -> builds up in pancreas, lungs, digestive tract, and other organs -pleiotropic effects31
3441840637Sickle-Cell Disease-caused by substitution of single amino acid in hemoglobin -molecules aggregate into long rods-deform RBC into sickle shape under low oxygen concentration -heterozygotes w/ trait healthy, but suffer many symptoms -organismal level: normal allele incompletely dominant to sickle cell allele -molecular level: 2 alleles codominant32
3441855095Achondroplasia-form of dwarfism -trait for which recessive allele more prevalent than corresponding dominant allele -dominant alleles cause lethal disease less common than recessive alleles -all lethal alleles arise by mutations in gametes -if offspring dies, dominant allele not passed33
3441864136Huntington's Disease-dominant alleles can escape elimination if it causes death after carrier reaches advanced age -when symptoms arise, disease may have already been passed to offspring (50/50) -causes degradation of nervous system -by analyzing DNA samples from large family w/ high incidence of disorder -genetics track allele to locus near tip of chromosome for gene sequences34
3441875052Amniocentesis-needle entered into uterus, 10 mL of amniotic fluid extracted -14th-16th week of pregnancy -some disorders detected from presence of certain chemicals of fluid -test for others performed on cell cultures (descendants of fetal cells in amniotic fluid) -used for karyotyping to identify chromosome defects35
3441882558Chronic Villus Sampling (CVS)-narrow tube inserted through cervix into uterus and tissue sample from placenta sucked out -8th-10th week of pregnancy -cells of CV of placenta have same genotype as fetus -proliferated for karyotyping (advantage over amnio) -imaging techniques spot anatomical abnormalities36
3441890918Phenylketonuria (PKU)recessively inherited disorder where children can't properly metabolize phenylalanine (amino acid) -> mental retardation due to build up37
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