Chapter 11: Cell Communication Flashcards

5155828198	Signal transduction pathway	Series of steps that converts a received signal or a specific cellular response	0
5155828199	Local regulators	Messenger molecules that are secreted by the signaling cells and travel only a short distance	1
5155828200	Hormones	Chemicals that are used in long distance signaling in plants and animals	2
5155828201	Ligand	Molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, usually a larger one	3
5155828202	G protein coupled receptor	Signal receptor protein in the membrane that responds to binding of signaling molecule by activating a G protein	4
5155828203	G protein	Gtp binding protein that relays signs,s from a plasma membrane signal receptor to signal transduction proteins inside the cell	5
5155828204	Receptor tyrosine kinases	Plasma membrane receptor that has enzymatic activity. Catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from atp to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein	6
5155828205	Ligand gated ion channel	Membrane receptor containing a region that can act like a gate when the receptor changes shape	7
5155828206	Protein kinase	Enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from atp to protein	8
5155828207	Protein phosphatases	Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins	9
5155828208	Second messengers	Small nonprotein water soluble molecule/ion that relays a signal to a cells interior response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein	10
5155828209	cAMP	Cyclic amp. Ring shaped molecule made from atp that is a common intracellular signaling molecule in eukaryotes.	11
5155828210	Adenylyl cyclase	Enzyme in plasma membrane that converts atp to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal	12
5155828211	Inositol triphosphate IP3	Second messenger that functions as intermediate between certain signaling molecules and a subsequent second messenger, calcium, by causing a rise in cytoplasmic calcium concentration	13
5155828212	Diacylglycerol DAG	A second messenger produced by the cleavage of the phospholipid pip2 in the plasma membrane	14
5155828213	Scaffolding proteins	Large relay proteins to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached	15
5155828214	Apoptosis	Controlled cell suicide	16
5199269606	T/f only multicellular organisms signal	False unicellular too	17
5199269607	Most often way to signal	Chemically	18
5199269608	Ex of a signal transduction pathway	Fight or flight	19
5199269609	3 steps of cellular signaling	Reception Transduction Response	20
5199269610	A transduction can be...	Amplified	21
5199269611	Cells are sensitive to...	Their environment	22
5199269612	What can bacteria sense?	Population densities	23
5199269613	What do animal and plant cells have to connect to other cells?	Gap junctions (animal) Plasmodesmata( plant)	24
5199269614	Types of local signaling	Direct contact Cell to cell recognition	25
5199269615	Ex of long distance signalers	Hormones	26
5199269616	What are plant hormones?	Gaseous	27
5199269617	What decides if a cell will respond?	If it has a receptor or not	28
5199269618	What do secreting cells release?	Ligands that stimulate target cells	29
5199269619	What do nerve cells do?	Send out electrical signal that releases chemical signals through neurotransmitters	30
5199269620	Synapse	Gap between nerve cells	31
5199269621	What does a endocrine cell do?	Release signals and diffuse into blood vessels . After traveling, they diffuse out of vessel to target cell	32
5199269622	Ex of responses	Change in cytoskeleton Turn on and off genes	33
5199269623	What is initial transduction?	Change in receptor	34
5199269624	What are most signal receptors	Plasma membrane proteins	35
5199269625	3 main types of membrane receptors	G protein coupled receptors Receptor tyrosine kinases Ion channel receptors	36
5199269626	Most _______ bind to receptors	Water soluble signal molecules	37
5199269627	Largest family of receptors	G proteins	38
5199269628	When is gpcr active ?	If G protein attached	39
5199269629	Steps of the gpcr	Ligand binds to gpcr Receptor changes shape and G protein binds Activated receptor makes gdp fall off and makes gtp Gtp attaches to enzyme and creates cellular response Phosphate falls off and binds again	40
5199269630	T/f gpcr is reversible	True	41
5199269631	Steps of rtk	Ligand binds to receptor making a dimer Tyrosine kinases adds phosphate from atp to tyrosine Phosphorylated tyrosines make a cellular response	42
5199269632	What can rtks do?	Trigger multiple signal transduction pathway at once	43
5199269633	What can an abnormal rtk mean .	Cancer	44
5199269634	2 rtks together=	Dimer	45
5199269635	Ion channel steps	Ligand binds to open channel like a gate	46
5199269636	2 types of intracellular receptors	Cytosol and nucleus	47
5199269637	Hormones are...	Hydrophobic and diffuse through membrane	48
5199269638	What do hormones do?	Diffuse through membrane and go to Nucleus and act a transcription factor	49
5199269639	_______ makes cells sensitive to environment	Transduction	50
5199269640	What do protein kinases don't?	Transfer phosphate group from Atp to protein	51
5199269641	What do calcium ions allow to happen?	Regulation of concentration	52
5199269642	Common second messenger s	Camp and calcium ions	53
5199269643	Pathways that need second messenger	Gpcr and rtk	54
5199269644	_________ starts a transduction pathway	Camp	55
5199269645	What does adenylyl cyclase do?	Make camp from atp	56
5199269646	Ways to regulate enzymes	Inhibitors and allosteric	57
5199499649	Example of cell signaling	Embryonic development to cancer	58
5199499650	How does yeast use cell signaling	To find a mate between a and alpha	59
5199499651	Quorum sensing	Bacteria monitor local density of cells	60
5199499652	Biofilm	Aggregation of bacteria adhered to a service	61
5199499653	Local signaling	Cell to cell recognition (direct contact)	62
5199499654	Synaptic signaling	Electrical signal triggers secretion of neurotransmitter caring out a chemical signal	63
5199499655	How do plants hormones travel	In vessels or diffuse through air as a gas	64
5199499656	Earle Sutherland	Scientist responsible for understanding chemical signals in epinephrine	65
5199499657	what does Epinephrine do	Stimulates glycogen breakdown by cytosolic enzyme	66
5199499658	epinephrine =...	Adrenaline	67
5199499659	a signal is complementary to...	The size and shape of a specific receptor	68
5199499660	Most receptors are...	Proteins	69
5199499661	Logan's are water_______ and too _____	Soluble Big to pass through membrane freely	70
5199499662	What percentage of all proteins are cell surface receptors	30%	71
5199499663	Three things that depend on G protein coupled receptors	Vision smell and taste	72
5199499664	Where are the G proteins in the membrane	Cytoplasmic side	73
5199499665	What does the G stand for in G protein	Guanine	74
5199499666	When is a G protein in active	When a GDp is bound	75
5199499667	What does dimerization do	Activates tyrosine kinase of each monomer	76
5199499668	Where are ion channels located in humans	Nervous system	77
5199499669	Three hydrophobic chemical messengers	Steroids thyroid nitric acid	78
5199499670	Multi step the pathways equal	More opportunities for coordination and regulation	79
5199499671	True/false original signaling molecule enters the cell	False rarely	80
5199499672	What do you protein phosphate tases do	Catalyze removal of phosphate	81
5199499673	What amino acids do cytoplasmic kinases have	Serine or threonine	82
5199499674	Phosphorylation_______. Activity of protein	Decreases	83
5199499675	______% of genes are for proteins kinases	2	84
5199499676	Abnormal kinase =...	Abnormal cell growth and cancer	85
5199529868	Phosphodiesterase	Enzyme that takes cAMP to AMP	86
5199529869	What does the cholera toxin do	Modifies G Pro Tien to not make GTP into GDP	87
5199529870	Examples of when calcium ions are used a second messenger	Neurotransmitters, growth factors, and some hormones	88
5199529871	What to types of pathways are calcium ions second messengers	G protein and RTK	89
5199580078	Where is calcium concentration low in cell Where is it high	Cytosol compared with outside of cell Outside cell and in ER	90
5199580079	How does calcium ions get into ER	Protein pumps	91
5199580080	What stimulates release of calcium from ER	IP sub three	92
5199580081	What do many responses do	Regulate protein synthesis	93
5199580082	Some pathways equal cell... What is needed	Division Growth factors and hormones	94
5199580083	Four ways of fine-tuning	Pathway has amplified signal Response regulated Efficiency enhanced by scaffolding Response terminated	95
5199580084	Why does amplification have an effect	Because proteins are active long enough to make numerous molecules of substrate before inactive	96
5199580085	What does scaffolding in brain do	Permanently holds networks of signal and proteins at synapses	97
5199580086	Two ways to terminate	Reversal binding and fewer binding	98