Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

4696145327	For multicellular organisms, exchanges occur at the _____ level by crossing the _____ _____	cellular; plasma membrane	0
4696149273	For most multicellular organism cells, direct exchange with the environment is ____	not possible	1
4696149605	_____ and _____ are related in most animals	internal transport and gas exchange	2
4696150348	diffusion	process by which small molecules can move btwn cells and their surroundings	3
4696151330	diffusion is only efficient over small distances, t or f	true	4
4696151729	the time it takes to diffuse is proportional to the _____	square of the distance	5
4696152265	in small animals, cells exchange materials _______ with the surrounding medium	directly	6
4696152484	in most animals, cells exchange materials with the environment via	fluid-filled circulatory system	7
4696153147	all animals have a circulatory system, t or f	false some animals lack a circulatory system	8
4696153535	gastrovascular cavity	functions in digestion and distribution of substances in the body ex jelly fish or hydra	9
4696154514	how thick is the body wall that encloses the gastrovascular cavity?	two cells thick	10
4696155008	3 parts of a circulatory system	-circulatory fluid (blood) -interconnecting vessels -muscular pump (heart)	11
4696156982	function of circulatory system	connects the fluid (blood) with organs that: exchange gases; absorb nutrients; and dispose of wastes	12
4696157843	open circulatory system occurs in	insects, arthropods, mollusks	13
4696159137	circulatory fluid in an open circulatory system is called	hemolymph (interstitial fluid)	14
4696159796	process of heart contraction in open system	heart contraction --> hemolymph pumps from tubular heart ---> vessels ---> sinus	15
4696160656	sinus in open system is	where chemical exchange occurs sinus is the space surrounding the organs	16
4696160972	process of heart relaxation in open system	heart relaxation ---> heart drew hemolymph back through pores controlled with valves	17
4696161675	closed circulatory system occurs in	annelids, cephalopods and vertebrates	18
4696162290	circulatory fluid in closed system is called	blood blood is distinct from the interstitial fluid	19
4696163074	process of heart contraction in closed system	heart contraction --> blood pumps vessels that branch into smaller vessels	20
4696164127	in the closed system, there is a chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid, t or f	true	21
4696164128	process of heart relaxation in closed system	heart relaxation blood drew back through vessels	22
4696164513	cardiovascular system	closed circulatory system of humans and vertebrates	23
4696165130	three main types of blood vessels in cardiovascular system	arteries veins capillaries	24
4696165537	blood flow goes both ways in these vessels, t or f	false blood flow is one way in these vessels	25
4696165936	arteries branch into _____ and carry blood ____ from the heart to _____	arterioles; away; capillaries heart > blood to capillaries via arteries > arterioles	26
4696167234	capillary beds	networks of capillaries; sites of chemical exchange btwn blood and interstitial fluid	27
4696168677	______ converge into veins and ______ blood from capillaries to the ______	venules; return; heart venules > veins > return blood from capillaries > heart	28
4696170753	arteries and veins are distinguished by	direction of blood flow	29
4696170754	arteries and veins are not distinguished by	oxygen content	30
4696171700	vertebrate hearts contain ____ chambers	2+	31
4696172137	blood enters through an ______ and is pumped out through a ____	atrium; ventricle	32
4696172959	single circulation	blood leaves heart passing through two capillary beds before returning ex bony fish, rays, sharks	33
4696173539	in single circulation animals they have a _____ chambered heart	two	34
4696189480	double circulation	oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart ex amphibians, reptiles, mammals	35
4696190330	double circulation animals (mammals and birds) have a _____ chambered heart with two ____ and two ____	four; atria; ventricles	36
4696190797	in reptiles and mammals, pulmonary circuit is	capillary beds in lungs where oxygen-poor blood flows to pick up oxygen through the lungs	37
4696191353	oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen through the	systemic circuit	38
4696193549	in amphibians, oxygen-poor blood flows through a	pulmocutaneous circuit	39
4696193956	pulmocutaneous circuit	capillary beds in the lung and skin where oxygen-poor blood flows to pick up oxygen through the lungs and skin	40
4696195466	the systemic circuit is the same for amphibians, reptiles and mammals, t or f	true	41
4696197518	the ____ side of the heart pumps and receives only______; while the ____ side of the heart receives and pumps only ______	left side; oxygen-rich blood right side; oxygen-poor blood	42
4696199097	mammals and birds are _____ and require more oxygen than _____	endotherms; ectotherms	43
4696881812	in the mammalian heart, the two atria have ___ ___ and serve as collection chambers for blood ____ to the heart	thin walls; returning	44
4696882905	the two ventricles have ___ ____ and contract more _____	thicker walls; forcefully	45
4696883196	cardiac cycle	the rhythmic cycle by which the heart contracts and relaxes	46
4696886990	systole	the contraction or pumping phase	47
4696887250	diastole	the relaxation or filling phase	48
4696889446	cardiac cycle: 1. atrial and ventricular ______ 2. atrial _____ and ventricular _____ 3. atrial _____ and ventricular _____	1. diastole 2. systole; diastole 3. diastole; systole	49
4696890274	heart rate	aka pulse number of beats per minute	50
4696890484	stroke volume	amount of blood pumped in a single contraction	51
4696891518	cardiac output	volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute	52
4696891967	cardiac output depends on 2 things	heart rate + stroke volume	53
4696892822	what prevents backflow of blood in the heart	4 valves	54
4696893194	the atrioventricular (AV) valves	separate each atrium and ventricle	55
4696893793	the semilunar valves	control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery	56
4696898039	heart murmur	caused by a backflow of blood through a defective valve	57
4696899593	the lub-dup sound of a heart beat is caused by the _____ of ____ against the ____ valves (lub) then against the ____ (dup) valves	recoil of blood; AV semilunar	58
4696900920	autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells contract without a signal from the nervous system, t or f	true	59
4696901136	sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker	sets rate and timing that cardiac muscle cells contract	60
4696902065	electrocardiogram (EKG)	recorded impulses traveling through the cardiac cycle	61
4697054552	at the AV node, impulses are _______ and then travel to the ______ _____ that make the _______ contract	delayed; Purkinje fibers; ventricles	62
4697057204	Signals from SA node spread through atria Signals delayed at AV node Bundle branches pass signals to heart apex Signals spread through ventricles		63
4697058907	pacemaker is regulated by what 2 portions of the nervous system	sympathetic and parasympathetic	64
4697059612	function of sympathetic on pacemaker	speeds it up	65
4697059887	function of parasympathetic on pacemaker	slows down the pacemaker	66
4697060408	pacemaker is also regulated by (2)	hormones and temperature	67
4697061367	a vessel's cavity is called the	central lumen	68
4697061368	endothelium	epithelial layer that lines blood vessels	69
4697061811	characteristic and function of endothelium	smooth and minimizes resistance	70
4697062561	capillaries are only _____ _____ than a red blood cell	slightly wider	71
4697063186	components, characteristic and function of capillaries	endothelium + basal lamina; thin walls; facilitate exchange of materials	72
4697063754	3 components of arteries and veins	endothelium smooth muscle connective tissue	73
4697064177	arteries have ____ ____ than veins	thicker walls	74
4697064473	why do arteries have thicker walls than veins	to accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart	75
4697064934	function of thinner-walled veins	blood flows back to the heart from muscle action	76
4697066378	veins have a bigger _____ and arteries have thicker ____ _____	lumen; connective tissue	77
4697067596	velocity of blood flow is slowest in the	capillary beds	78
4697068441	blood flow in capillaries is _____ for exchange of materials	slow	79
4697069008	why is blood flow slowest in capillaries?	result of high resistance and large total cross-sectional area	80
4697069564	flood flows from areas of ____ pressure to areas of ____ pressure	higher; lower	81
4697069937	blood pressure	pressure blood exerts in all directions	82
4697071093	blood pressure includes the pressure against walls of blood vessels, t or f	true	83
4697071927	recoil of elastic arterial walls does not play a role in maintaining blood pressure, t or f	false recoil of elastic arterial walls plays a role in maintaining blood pressure	84
4697074021	what dissipates most of blood pressure?	resistance to blood flow in the narrow diameters of tiny capillaries and arterioles	85
4697074660	systolic pressure	pressure in arteries during ventricular systole	86
4697075348	systolic pressure is the highest pressure in the arteries, t or f	true	87
4697075602	diastolic pressure	pressure in the arteries during diastole	88
4697076408	diastolic pressure is _____ than systolic pressure	lower	89
4697076409	pulse	rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat	90
4697077971	_______ mechanisms regulate arterial blood pressure by altering the _____ of _____	homeostatic; diameter of arterioles	91
4697078644	vasoconstriction	contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls	92
4697079006	vasoconstriction _____ blood pressure	increases	93
4697079260	vasodilation	relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles	94
4697079900	vasodilation causes blood pressure to _____	fall	95
4697079901	nitric oxide is a major inducer of _____	vasodilation	96
4697080786	peptide endothelin is a strong inducer of	vasoconstriction	97
4697081455	gravity does not have an effect on blood pressure, t or f	false gravity has a significant effect on blood pressure	98
4697083723	fainting is caused by what?	inadequate blood flow to the head	99
4697084406	animals with long necks require a very high _____ pressure to pump blood a great distance against gravity	systolic	100
4697084639	blood is moved through veins by (3)	smooth muscle contraction; skeletal muscle contraction; expansion of the vena cava with inhalation	101
4697085415	what prevents backflow of blood?	one-way valves in the veins	102
4697085851	valves are only present in	veins	103
4697086634	arteries do not have valves, t or f	true	104
4697087089	blood flows through only _____% of the body's capillaries at any given time	5-10%	105
4697087493	capillaries i major organs are usually filled	to capacity	106
4697087950	two mechanisms regulate distribution of blood in capillary beds	constriction or dilation of arterioles (that supply capillary beds) and precapillary sphincters	107
4697091454	precapillary sphincters	control blood flow between arterioles and venules	108
4697092310	name the 3 things that regulate blood flow	hormones nerve impulses other chemicals	109
4697094375	the exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid takes places across	the thin endothelial walls of capillaries	110
4697096107	blood pressure drives fluids _____ at the _____	out of capillaries; arteriole end	111
4697097158	mot blood proteins and all blood cells are ______ to pass through the _____	too large; endothelium	112
4697099649	all blood cells and most blood proteins are too large to pass through the endothelium, t or f	true	113
4697101363	osmotic pressure drives fluid ________ at _____	to capillaries; venule end	114
4697104131	blood pressure results in a ____ ____ of fluid from capillaries	net loss	115
4697104132	lymphatic system	returns fluid that leaks out from capillary beds	116
4697105849	components of lymphatic system	network of tiny vessels and larger vessels	117
4697106785	lymph	fluid lost by capillaries	118
4697107562	the composition of lymph is the same as ____ _____	interstitial fluids	119
4697108312	the lymphatic system drains into large ____ in the ____	veins; neck	120
4697108596	what prevents the blackflow of fluid in lymph vessels	valves	121
4697115245	edema is swelling caused by disruptions in the	flow of lymph	122
4697115246	lymph nodes	organs that filter lymph; body's defensive from WBCs - white blood cells	123
4697116403	with infection, WBCs _____ and lymph nodes become ___	multiply rapidly; swollen and tender	124
4697117354	with open circulation, fluid is ____ with the fluid surrounding all body cells	continuous	125
4697120498	closed circulatory systems of vertebrates contain	blood (a more highly specialized fluid)	126
4697121179	blood in vertebrates is a ____ ____ consisting of several kinds of cells supended in _____	connective tissue; plasma	127
4697121180	plasma	liquid matrix in blood	128
4697122566	the cellular elements occupy ____% of the volume of blood	45%	129
4697123639	plasma occupy ____% of the volume of blood	55%	130
4697124918	plasma functions (6)	solvent; osmotic balance; pH buffering; lipid transport; clotting; regulation of membrane permeability	131
4697127697	cellular elements in blood are (7)	RBCs (erythrocytes) platelets WBCs (leukocytes): basophils neutrophils eosinophils lymphocytes monocytes	132
4697137958	erythrocytes	red blood cells	133
4697138590	erythrocytes are the most numerous blood cells, t or f	true	134
4697139047	hemoglobin	iron-containing protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells	135
4697139437	each molecule of hemoglobin binds up to	four molecules of oxygen	136
4697139730	mature erythrocytes lack (2)	nuclei and mitochondria	137
4697140793	sickle-cell disease	caused by abnormal hemoglobin proteins forming aggregates	138
4697141418	leukocytes	white blood cells	139
4697142507	5 types of leukocytes	monocytes lymphocytes basophils neutrophils eosinophils	140
4697143711	function of leukocytes	phagocytize bacteria mount immune responses against foreign substances	141
4697144709	leukocytes are found both in and outside of the circulatory system, t or f	true	142
4697144710	platelets	fragments of cells blood clotting	143
4697145196	erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets all develop from ___ ____ in the _____	stem cells; red marrow of bones	144
4697154874	erythropoietin (EPO)	hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production when oxygen delivery is low	145
4697156811	physicians use _________ to treat anemia	recombinant EPO	146
4697159186	B cells and T cells are called ____ and are developed from ___ ___ ___	lymphocytes; lymphoid stem cells	147
4697160099	coagulation	formation of solid clot from liquid blood	148
4697161080	thrombus	blood clot within a blood vessel that can block blood flow	149
4697161354	what forms a clot	conversion of inactive fibrinogen to fibrin	150
4697162106	atherosclerosis	buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) within arteries	151
4697163202	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production	152
4697163737	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	takes excess cholesterol and returns it to the liver	153
4697165250	heart attack (myocardial infarction)	damage/death of cardiac muscle tissue from blockage of 1+ coronary arteries	154
4697165513	stroke	death of nervous tissue in brain; usually from blockage of arteries in head	155
4697166028	angina pectoris	chest pain from partial blockage of coronary arteries	156
4697166878	inflammation causes (2)	atherosclerosis and thrombus formation	157
4697167741	___ inhibits inflammation and reduces risk of heart attacks and stroke	aspirin	158
4697167742	hypertension	high blood pressure; contributes to heart attack and stroke; can be controlled by diet, exercise, meds	159
4697168270	gas exchange	supplies oxygen for cellular respiration; disposes of CO2	160
4697168588	lungs	infolding of the body surface	161
4697169778	the circulatory system (open or closed) transports ____ between ____ and rest of body	gases; lungs	162
4697170413	the size and complexity of lungs correlate with an animal's metabolic rate, t or f	true	163
4697170926	the _____ directs air to the lungs and food to the stomach	pharynx	164
4697173210	gas exchange occurs in the	alveoli	165
4697173535	path of air passage	pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli	166
4697183229	exhaled air passes over ____ cords in ____ to create sounds	vocal; larynx	167
4697185143	___ and ____ line the epithelium of the air ducts and move particles up to the _____	cilia and mucus; pharynx	168
4697185759	function of the cilia and mucus	cleans respiratory system; allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus	169
4697189111	alveoli	air sacs at the tips of bronchioles	170
4697193595	___ diffuses from _____ into _____	oxygen; epithelium > capillaries	171
4697193990	_________ diffuses from _______ across ______ and into air space	carbon dioxide; capillaries > epithelium > air space	172
4697194843	alveoli lack ____ and are susceptible to ____	cilia; contamination	173
4697194844	surfactants	secretions that coat the surface of alveoli	174
4697195426	preterm babies lack _____ and therefore vulnerable to respiratory distress syndrom	surfactant	175
4697198172	breathing	alternative inhalation and exhalation of air that ventilates the lungs	176
4697198839	mammals ventilate their lungs by ___ ___ ___	negative pressure breathing	177
4697198840	negative pressure breathing	pulls air into lungs via inhalation	178
4697199775	lung volume _____ as the rib muscles and diaphragm ____	increases; contract	179
4697199776	tidal volume	volume of air inhaled with each breath	180
4697200169	vital capacity	maximum tidal volume	181
4697200365	residual volume	the air that remains in the lungs after exhalation	182
4697200803	breathing is regulated by involuntary mechanisms , t or f	true	183
4697200998	breathing control centers are in the	medulla oblongata	184
4697204669	sensors in the ___ and ___ ___ monitor oxygen and co2 concentrations in the blood	aorta; carotid arteries	185
4697205080	modulation of breathing takes place in the ____, next to the medulla	pons	186