Chapter 43 the Body's Defenses Flashcards

3231435748	pathogens	infectious agents that cause diseases	0
3231437689	an immune system must carry out recognition or distinguish	self from non-self	1
3231437690	innate immunity	defense systems that do not distinguish between pathogens and is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously	2
3231440969	acquired immunity (adaptive immunity)	defense system found only in vertebrates and is enhanced by previous exposure to pathogens	3
3231446335	3 forms of innate immunity in vertebrets	1. barrier defenses 2. phagocytosis 3. antimicrobial peptides	4
3231451620	3 lines of defense against pathogens	1. non-specific and exterior 2. non-specific and internal 3. specific and internal	5
3231458795	chemical defenses of the 1st line of defense: sweat glands, saliva/tears/mucous, stomach	makes the human skin too acidic for the growth of bacteria, enzymes break down bacteria, lowers pH so it denatures proteins	6
3231462781	general term for all white blood cells	leukocytes	7
3231464609	toll-like receptor (TLR)	recognize molecules that are characteristic of a certain set of pathogens	8
3231465619	MHC	the specific proteins on surface of the cell; your jersey	9
3231468087	neutrophils	most common white blood cell; attracted to certain areas where they engulf invaders and die	10
3231472506	macrophages	engulf microbes and digest them using lysosomic enzymes	11
3231479422	eosinophils	attach larger parasites and digest them from the outside	12
3231482660	interferons	secreted by the cells infected with viruses to help other cells avoid infection; is a chemical warning system to get other cells ready for a possible virus	13
3231490682	complement system	group of proteins that act directly on microbes and attract phagocytes to infected areas (attract other white blood cells to the area)	14
3231493742	inflammatory response	can be a cause of histamines which are secreted by mast cells; phagocytosis is occuring	15
3231504905	pyrogens	chemicals that are secreted by activated macrophages that cause fever in an infected area	16
3231507426	natural killer cells	attack cells that are infected with viruses or cancer cells (cells that no longer express class 1 MHC on their cell surface)	17
3231511720	Lymphocytes	non-phagocytic white blood cells that combat pathogens, fight cancer, and neutralize toxic chemicals	18
3231516549	innate immune responses can stimulate acquired immunity by releasing _____	cytokines	19
3231517901	two types of cells involved with acquired immune response	B cells and T cells	20
3231519566	B cells function, produced where, and found	fight invaders in the fluids of animals but outside the cells--is part of the humoral immune response; bone marrow; lymphatic tissue, spleen, and lymph nodes	21
3231525686	T cells function, produced where, mature where	WBC that attack multicelluar antigens or antigens that have already become established within a cell of the animal; bone marrow; thymus	22
3231528291	anitgens	foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and receives a response	23
3231531755	antibodies (immunoglobulins)	produced by B cells to recognize and identify the epitope of the antigen	24
3231535919	explain why a lymphocyte is said to show specificity	the different combinations of different sections of immunoglobulin genes allow for a variety of lymphocyte receptors	25
3231542449	B cell receptors shape, made up of, have a _______region which allows it to be imbedded in the B cell	y-shaped; 4 polypeptide chains with a disulfide bridge to attach them; transmembrane region	26
3231546510	T cell receptors are made up of, and have a ________region anchoring it to the T cell	2 polypeptide chains; transmembrane region	27
3231549784	2 types of immune responses depending on the presenting cell	1. Phagocytosis lymphocyte presentation results in immune response to larger infection (helper t cell) 2. Host cell presentation results in the destruction of that cell (cytotoxic t cell)	28
3231554285	perforin	makes holes int he infected cell so water and other things can rush in and the cell will lyse	29
3231558333	Class 1 MHC molecules are made by __________ and present antigen fragments to ________	all cells; cytotoxic t cells	30
3231558334	Class 2 MHC molecules are made by __________ and present antigen fragments to ________	dendritic cells, b cells, and macrophages; helper t cells and cytotoxic t cells	31
3231561438	3 properties of the acquired immune system	1. diversity of receptors 2. distinguishing self from non-self (self-tolerance) 3. ability to respond to previous antigens faster (immunological memory)	32
3231566533	# of B cells and t cells a person has	1 million and 10 million	33
3231568316	diversity of lymphocytes is based on 3 things	gene splicing and combining of v segments, j segments, and the combination of heavy and light chains	34
3231572926	total number of antigen receptor combinations	1.65x10^6	35
3231575367	what happens if a lymphocyte cannot recognize self from non self	it gets destroyed or else it will lead to autoimmune disorders	36
3231576436	clonal selection	the proliferation of lymphocytes (b and t cells) in response to an anitgen	37
3231577985	effector cells (plasma cells)	short lived cells which attack the antigen and the pathogen that produces that antigen	38
3231579804	memory cells	long lived cells which have antigen receptors specific for that anitgen	39
3231584473	first time exposure = what response, and how long does it take to get better	primary immune response; 10-17 days	40
3231587386	humoral immune response	involves activation of b cells which secrete antibodies into the blood and lymph	41
3231588668	cell-mediated immune response	involves the activation of the cytotoxic t cells which identify and destroy infected cells	42
3231594134	helper t cells	enhance both the humoral and cell mediated immune responses	43
3231596680	3 types of antigen presenting cells	dendritic cells, macrophages, and b cells	44
3231607036	active immunity	immunity that is the result of the bodies response to infection	45
3231608067	passive immunity	immunity that is the result of the passage of antibodies from one individual to another (pregnant mom to child)	46
3231614862	____________ through____________is a method by which active immunity can be achieved	immunization; vaccination	47