Chapter 21: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction Flashcards
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| 3578297178 | Trading CIties | -Melaka: principle port in Indian Ocean -population o 50,000 -Tomé Pires said there were 80 languages -Mongol conquests led to economic decline in sw Asia -Silk Roads under mongols became safer | 0 | |
| 3578297412 | Marco Polo | -father Niccolo and uncle Maffeo visited china, traveled and traded thruout Mongol lands, met Khuilai Khan -Khubilai Khan sent Marco on diplomatic missions -was made pow, told stories mentioning spices, textiles, gems -was appointed governor of city of Yangzhou | 1 | |
| 3578371676 | Mongol-Christian Diplomacy | -Pope Innocent IV dispatched evoys who invited Mongol khans to convert to Christianity in alliance against Muslims -khans declined | 2 | |
| 3578371795 | Rabban Sauma | -1287 Mongol ilkhan of Persia planned to invade Muslim lands of sw Asia, capture Jerusalem -Dispatched Rabban Sauma, nestorian christian priest, as envoy to pope and european leaders -met with kings of france and england, the pope -1295 Ghazan (new Persian ilkhan) converted to Islam -sharia gave religious observances and social relationships based on Quran -conversion to islam in india, se asia and sub saharan africa created demand for muslims educated in islamic law | 3 | |
| 3578379405 | Ibn Battuta: 1304-1369 | -visited India, Maldive Islands, Sawhili city states, Mali empire -was qadi and advisor to sultan of Delhi; supervised affairs of mosque, heard cases at law, enforced Islamic standards of justice -qadi in Maldive islands; promoted proper observance of Islam | 4 | |
| 3578383196 | Sufi Missionaries | -didn't insist on strict understanding of Islam, emphasized piety and devotion to Allah -tolerated worship of other deities -spread islam by flexible approach | 5 | |
| 3578383478 | Christian Missionaries | -accompanied crusaders, attracted large # of converts n areas such as Baltic islands, sicily and spain -minority religion in eastern mediterranean -missions sought to convert mongols and chinese to roman catholic christianity | 6 | |
| 3578383479 | John of Montecorvino | -Italian Franciscan -went to China in 1291 -became first archbishop of Khanbaliq in 1307, died in 1328 -translated New Testament and book of Psalms into Turkish (used at Mongol Court) -built churches in China, took in young boys from Mongol & Chinese families, baptized them, taught them Latin and Roman Catholic rituals -east Asians already had religious traditions; Christianity had little appeal | 7 | |
| 3578391244 | Cultural Exchanges | -exchange of songs, stories, religious ideas, philosophical views, scientific knowledge -troubadours drew on poetry, music and love songs of Muslim performers -agricultural and technological diffusion -magnetic compass spread from China to Indian Ocean basin | 8 | |
| 3578391245 | Spread of Crops | -Muslim travelers introduced new crops to sub-Saharan Africa -citrus fruits, rice-enriched diets -cotton was principle textile produced in Sub saharan africa by 1500 | 9 | |
| 3578391246 | Sugarcane | -cultivated large scale of sugarcane in sw Asia and north Africa during Abbasid caliphate -spread to Europeans; organized sugarcane plantations on Mediterranean islands-Sicily, Cyprus, Crete, Rhodes -social and economic effects: booming economy, Muslim pows and black Africans used as slaves | 10 | |
| 3578391452 | Gunpowder Technologies | -Mongols incorporated gunpowder based weapons in 1214; used catapults and trebuchets -gunpowder reached Europe by mid 13th century -developed cannons | 11 | |
| 3578391707 | The Little Ice Age | -1300 temperature dropped, shorter growing seasons; led to decrease in agricultural production and famine -Norse settlers abandoned colonies in Greenland | 12 | |
| 3578391844 | Origins of Epidemic Bubonic Plague | -spread from Yunnan region of sw China -infects rodents, fleas transmit disease -mongol military campaigns spread disease -epidemic killed 90% of pop. in Hebei | 13 | |
| 3578403565 | Spread of Plague | -Mongols, merchants spread disease along trade routes -reached ports ports of Caffa and Tana -disease caused inflamed lymph nodes -referred to as "Black Death" bc of black or purple swellings -killed 60-70% of victims -northern Europe, India, sub-Saharan Africa avoided plague | 14 | |
| 3578403566 | Population Decline | -Chinese pop. went from 85 million in 1300 to 75 million in 1400 -European pop. went from 79 million in 1300 to 60 million in 1400 | 15 | |
| 3578404013 | Social and Economic Effects | -caused labor shortages, led to social unrest -Western Europe: workers demanded higher wages, left homes to find better conditions -authorities froze wages and forbid workers to leave homes -peasants moved to places where landlords had better terms -landlords restricted freedom of peasants, reimposed labor requirements -lords sought to reinstate serfdom -rebellions of workers and peasants | 16 | |
| 3578404014 | Hongwu | -overthrew Mongol rule -established Ming dynasty in 1368 | 17 | |
| 3578404015 | Min Centralization | -reestablished Confucian educational and civil service systems -emperor ruled China directly without aid of chief ministers | 18 | |
| 3578404221 | Mandarins | -represented central government to local authorities | 19 | |
| 3580517633 | Eunuchs | -in government could not build family fortune | 20 | |
| 3580517634 | Economic recovery | -repaired irrigation systems -agricultural productivity surged -promoted manufacture of porcelain lacquerware silk and cotton textiles -trade within China flourished with increased production | 21 | |
| 3580517635 | Cultural revival | -actively promoted Neo Confucianism -young Encyclopedia: massive anthology of Chinese cultural traditions | 22 | |
| 3580517636 | Recovery in Europe: state building | -Levied taxes and large standing armies strengthened societies | 23 | |
| 3580517637 | Italian states | -Each had independent -administration and army levied direct taxes on citizens | 24 | |
| 3580517638 | France and England | -Fought Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) over control of French lands -authority of central government over feudal nobility -England did not maintain standing army France did | 25 | |
| 3580517639 | Spain | -United by marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile -sales tax supported powerful standing army -completed the reconquista by conquering Grenada from Muslims -seized southern Italy in 1494 -sponsored Columbus's quest for western route to China | 26 | |
| 3580517640 | Russia | -Ivan II gathered Russian states and United them -built strong centralized govt modeled after Byzantine state | 27 | |
| 3580517641 | Competition | -frequent small scale wars -conflicts created new military and naval technology -technological innovations strengthened European armies | 28 | |
| 3580517642 | Italian Renaissance art | -Renaissance: rebirth (1300-1600) -city states sponsored I locations in art and architecture -painters (Masaccio and Leonardo) used linear perspective to show 3D -sculptors (Donatello and Michelangelo) created natural poses | 29 | |
| 3580517643 | Renaissance and architecture | -simple and elegant style -inherited from Classical Greek and Roman -created domes | 30 | |
| 3580517644 | Humanists | -inspired by classical models -scholars interested in history literature moral philosophy -committed to Christianity | 31 | |
| 3580589495 | Desiderius Erasmus | -1466-1536 -most notable humanist writers -published first edition of Greek New Testament in 1516 | 32 | |
| 3580589496 | Francesco Petrarca | -1304-1374 -humanist who traveled throughout Europe searching for manuscripts of classical works | 33 | |
| 3580589497 | Humanist moral thought | -inspired by Cicero -reconciled Christian values and ethics with urban and commercial society of Europe | 34 | |
| 3580589498 | Renaissance Europe and the Larger World | -Renaissance painter painted silk ceramic wood spice jars foreigners etc -pico's oration on the dignity of man (1486) harmonized religious and philosophical teachings (Plato Aristotle Judaism Christianity Islam Zoroastrianism | 35 | |
| 3580517645 | Zheng He's Expeditions | -7 expeditions -purpose was to control forge in trade and impress foreign ppl -his ships were largest marine crafts in the world -visited Southeast Asia, India, ceylon, Arabia, east Africa | 36 | |
| 3580589499 | Chinese naval power | -Zheng He's voyages were diplomatic -used force to impress foreign powers -expeditions established Chinese reputation in Indian Ocean basin | 37 | |
| 3580589500 | End of the voyages | -1453 -Confucian ministers distrusted Zheng He -resources redirected to agriculture use -new Mongol military threat in 1420s and 1430s -expeditions ended after 7th voyage -imperial officials destroyed nautical charts of Zheng He -technology of building large ships was lost | 38 | |
| 3580589501 | Portuguese exploration | -Mariners emerged as early leaders -prince Henry the navigator wanted to Spread Christianity and increase Portugal influence on the seas -Portuguese forces seized Moroccan city of Ceuta I'm 1415 | 39 | |
| 3580589502 | Colonization of the Atlantic islands | -colonized Madeiras and Azores Islands -unsuccessful effort to colonize Canary Islands -Cale verde, Fernando po, São Tomé, Príncipe -cultivated sugarcane on islands | 40 | |
| 3580589503 | Slave trade | -traders explored west coast of Africa -traded guns, textiles for gold and slaves -thousands of slaves transported to Atlantic island plantations -worked as laborer a and domestic servants | 41 | |
| 3580589504 | Indian Ocean trade | -Portuguese searched for sea route to Asian markets without Muslim and Italian intermediaries -Bartolomeu Dias reached cape of good hope and entered Indian Ocean by 1488 (crew forced him to turn around) -Vasco de Gama arrived at Calicut in 1498, returned to Lisbon with huge profit -Portuguese Mariners dominated trade between Europe and Asia -ships were able to overpower Arabian Persian Indian and Asian vessels -didn't have enough ships to police entire Indian Ocean | 42 | |
| 3580589505 | Christopher Columbus | -Genoese mariner Cristoforo Colombo -conceived idea of sailing west to reach Asian markets -plan rejected by Portuguese King, sponsored by King and queen of Spain (Fernando and Isabel) -set sail in 1492 landed in San Salvador in Bahamas -returned to Spain without gold, silk, spices; thought he reached Asian islands | 43 |