Chapter 2 (Friedland) Flashcards

2800053388	Matter	Anything that occupies space and has mass.	0
2800055130	Mass	A measurement of the amount of matter an object contains.	1
2800056540	Atom	The smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element.	2
2800058250	Element	A substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components.	3
2800060720	Periodic table	A chart of all the chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties.	4
2800062516	Molecule	A particle that contains more than one atom.	5
2800063231	Compound	A molecule containing more than one element.	6
2800064839	Atomic number	The number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element.	7
2800066706	Isotopes	Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.	8
2800067953	Radioactive decay	The spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes.	9
2800070617	Half-life	The time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay.	10
2800073137	Covalent bond	The bond formed when elements share electrons.	11
2800074039	Ionic bond	A chemical bond between two ions of opposite charges.	12
2800074994	Hydrogen bond	A weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to one atom are attached to another atom on another molecule.	13
2800077154	Polar molecule	A molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative.	14
2800078959	Surface tension	A property of water that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water and that creates a sort of skin on the water's surface.	15
2800081518	Capillary action	A property of water that occurs when adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecule.	16
2800082996	Acid	A substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution.	17
2800084847	Base	A substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution.	18
2800086065	pH	The number that indicates the relative strength of acids and bases in a substance.	19
2800088841	Chemical reaction	A reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules.	20
2800090868	Law of conservation of matter	A law of nature stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form.	21
2800093025	Inorganic compound	A compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen.	22
2800096700	Organic compound	A compound that contains carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds.	23
2800097826	Carbohydrate	A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.	24
2800099208	Protein	A critical component of living organisms made up of a long chain of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acids.	25
2800101710	Nucleic acid	Organic compounds found in all living cells.	26
2800104233	DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid)	A nucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the code for reproducing the components of the next generation, and which organisms pass on to their offspring.	27
2800107528	RNA ( ribonucleic acid)	A nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the synthesis of proteins.	28
2800110344	Lipid	A smaller organic biological molecule that does not mix with water.	29
2800111364	Cell	A highly organized living entity that consists of the four types of macromolecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by a membrane.	30
2800113528	Energy	The ability to do work or transfer heat.	31
2800113943	Joule	The amount of energy used when a 1-watt electrical device is turned on for 1 second.	32
2800115076	Power	The rate at which work is done.	33
2800118405	Electromagnetic radiation	A form of energy emitted by the Sun that includes, but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy.	34
2800120006	Photon	A massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light.	35
2800122379	Potential energy	Stored energy that has not been released.	36
2800122776	Chemical energy	Potential energy stored in chemical bonds.	37
2800123605	Temperature	The measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance.	38
2800127268	Kinetic energy	The energy of motion.	39
2800128452	First law of thermodynamics	A physical law which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another.	40
2800129830	Second law of thermodynamics	The physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes.	41
2800131700	Energy efficiency	The ratio of the amount of energy expended in the form you want to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system.	42
2800133760	Energy quality	The ease with which an energy source cab be used for work.	43
2800135138	Entropy	Randomness is a system.	44
2800135614	Open system	A system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries.	45
2800136504	Closed system	A system in which matter and energy do not occur across boundaries.	46
2800138722	Input	An additional to a system.	47
2800139349	Output	A loss from a system.	48
2800140391	Systems analysis	An analysis to determine inputs, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions.	49
2800141664	Steady state	A state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time.	50
2800205499	Negative feedback loop	A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.	51
2800208217	Positive feedback loop	A feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified.	52
2800209488	Adaptive management plan	A plan that provides flexibility so that managers can modify it as changes occur.	53