Chapter 3 (Friedland) Flashcards

2800218073	Biosphere	The region of our planet where life resides, the combination of all ecosystems on Earth.	0
2800219682	Producer	An organism that uses the energy of the Sun to produce usable forms of energy. Also known as an autotroph.	1
2800221309	Photosynthesis	The process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.	2
2800222600	Cellular respiration	The process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds.	3
2800223352	Aerobic respiration	The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.	4
2800225020	Anaerobic respiration	The process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absence of oxygen.	5
2800226966	Consumer	An organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms. Also known as a heterotroph.	6
2800228633	Herbivore	A consumer that eats producers. Also known as a primary consumer.	7
2800229333	Carnivore	A consumer that eats other consumers.	8
2800229981	Secondary consumer	A carnivore that eats primary consumers.	9
2800230496	Tertiary consumer	A carnivore that eats secondary consumers.	10
2800231104	Trophic levels	The successive levels of organisms consuming one another.	11
2800231614	Food chain	The sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers.	12
2800232483	Food web	A complex model of how energy and matter move between trophic levels.	13
2800233165	Scavenger	An organism that consumes dead animals.	14
2800233813	Detritivore	An organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles.	15
2800234830	Decomposers	Fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystems.	16
2800236485	Gross primary productivity (GPP)	The total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time.	17
2800238495	Net primary productivity (NPP)	The energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire.	18
2800239359	Biomass	The total mass of all living matter in a specific area.	19
2800239919	Standing crop	The amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time.	20
2800241423	Ecological efficiency	The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another.	21
2800242563	Trophic pyramid	A representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels.	22
2800247015	Biogeochemical cycle	The movement of matter within and between ecosystems.	23
2800247770	Hydrologic cycle	The movement of water through the biosphere.	24
2800248682	Transpiration	The release of water from leaves during photosynthesis.	25
2800249851	Evapotranspiration	The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration.	26
2800250588	Runoff	Water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers.	27
2800251420	Carbon cycle	The movement of carbon around the biosphere.	28
2800252083	Macronutrient	One of six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.	29
2800254588	Limiting nutrient	A nutrient required for the growth of an organism but available in a lower quantity than other nutrients.	30
2800255454	Nitrogen cycle	The movement of nitrogen around the biosphere.	31
2800256200	Nitrogen fixation	A process by which some organisms can convert nitrogen gas molecules directly into ammonia.	32
2800256993	Nitrification	The conversion of ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate.	33
2800258004	Assimilation	The process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues.	34
2800258882	Mineralization	The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic compounds.	35
2800261012	Ammonification	The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium.	36
2800263306	Denitrification	The conversion of nitrate in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide and, eventually, nitrogen gas, which is emitted into the atmosphere	37
2800265980	Leaching	The transformation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater.	38
2800267085	Phosphorus cycle	The movement of phosphorus around the biosphere.	39
2800267689	Algal boom	A rapid increase in the algal production of a waterway.	40
2800268432	Hypoxic	Low in oxygen.	41
2800268660	Sulfur cycle	The movement of sulfur around the biosphere.	42
2800269472	Disturbance	An event, caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition.	43
2800270806	Watershed	All land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake, or wetland.	44
2800272268	Resistance	A measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem.	45
2800274025	Resilience	The rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance.	46
2800275229	Restoration ecology	The study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems	47
2800276896	Intermediate determined hypothesis	The hypothesis that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels.	48
2815005990	potable	drinkable water (human consumption)	49
2815008283	turbid	(of a liquid) thick with suspended matter.	50
2815009389	vegan	a person who eats no animal products (dairy, egg, gelatin, etc)	51
2815011006	vegetarian	a person who does not eat meat (cow, pork, chicken, etc)	52
2815011863	omnivore	a person who eats both plants and animals	53
2815013528	percolation	the slow movement of water through the pores in soil or permeable rock.	54
2815019533	infiltration	the seepage of water into soil or rock.	55
2815020766	this cycle has no atmospheric component.	phosphorous	56
2815021285	igneous rock	formed by the cooling and solidifying of molten materials. Igneous rocks can form beneath the Earth 's surface, or at its surface, as lava. (ex: granite)	57
2815025680	metamorphic rock	was once one form of rock but has changed to another under the influence of heat, pressure, or some other agent without passing through a liquid phase. (ex: marble)	58
2815026782	sedimentary rock	formed through the deposition and solidification of sediment, especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice ( glaciers ), and wind. Are often deposited in layers, and frequently contain fossils. (ex: sandstone)	59
2815028061	3 main ghg	Co2, CH4, H2O g	60