Chapter 4 (Friedland) Flashcards

2800306929	Climate	the average weather that occurs in a region over a long period of time	0
2800309244	Weather	the short-term condition of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation and wind speed	1
2800311771	Troposphere	a layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of the earth, extending up to approximately 16 km	2
2800314055	Stratosphere	the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16 to 50 km above the surface of earth	3
2800315933	Albedo	the percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface	4
2800317839	Saturation point	the maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature	5
2800318777	Adiabatic cooling	the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands	6
2800320155	Adiabatic heating	the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of the earth and decreases in volume	7
2800322186	Latent heat release	the release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water	8
2800324228	Atmospheric convection current	global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of earth	9
2800326389	Hadley cell	a convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30 N and 30 S	10
2800329806	Inter tropical convergence zone (ITCZ)	the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight , which causes the ascending branched of the two Hadley cells to converge	11
2800332093	Polar cell	a convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60 N and 60 S and sinks at poles 90 N and 90 S	12
2800334372	Ferrell cell	a convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells	13
2800337182	Coriolis effect	the deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of earth	14
2800338723	Rain shadow	a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the oceans causing precipitation on the windward side	15
2800342845	Gyre	a large scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere	16
2800346380	Upwelling	the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents	17
2800347984	Thermohaline circulation	an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water	18
2800350909	El Nico-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)	a reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific	19
2800352686	Terrestrial biome	a geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land	20
2800365732	Aquatic biome	an aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth, and water flow	21
2800368086	Tundra	a cold and treeless biome with low growing vegetation	22
2800369472	Permafrost	an impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil	23
2800371801	Boreal forest	a forest biome made up primarily of coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons	24
2800376106	Temperate rainforest	a coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures by moderate temperatures and high precipitation.	25
2800393175	Temperate seasonal forest	A biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 1 m (39 inches) of precipitation annually.	26
2802064859	Woodland/shrubland	A biome characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters.	27
2802065578	Temperate grassland/cold desert	A biome characterized by cold, harsh winters and hot, dry summers.	28
2802066352	Tropical rainforest	A warm and wet biome found between 20 degrees North and 20 degrees South of the equator, with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation.	29
2802068731	Tropical seasonal forest/savanna	A biome marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons.	30
2802070052	Subtropical desert	A biome prevailing at approximately 30 degrees North and 30 degrees South, with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions, and sparse vegetation.	31
2802071225	Littoral zone	The shallow zone of soil and water in lakes and ponds where most algae and emergent plants go.	32
2802071900	Limnetic zone	A zone of open water in lakes and ponds.	33
2802072547	Phytoplankton	Floating algae.	34
2802072881	Profundal zone	A region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone in very deep lakes.	35
2802075357	Benthic zone	The muddy bottom of a lake, pond, or ocean.	36
2802076201	Oligotrophic	Describes a lake with a low level of productivity.	37
2802076560	Mesotrophic	Describes a lake with a moderate level of productivity.	38
2802077098	Eutrophic	Describes a lake with a high level of productivity.	39
2802078204	Freshwater wetlands	An aquatic biome that is submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year, but shallow enough to support emergent vegetation.	40
2802079223	Salt marsh	A marsh containing nonwoody emergent vegetation, found along the coast in temperate climates.	41
2802080109	Mangrove swamp	A swamp that occurs along tropical and subtropical coasts, and contains salt tolerant trees with roots submerged in water.	42
2802082127	Intertidal zone	The narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide.	43
2802082877	Coral reef	The most diverse marine biome on Earth, found in warm, shallow waters beyond the shoreline.	44
2802084901	Coral bleaching	A phenomenon in which algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white.	45
2802085827	Open ocean	Deep ocean water, located away from the shoreline where sunlight can no longer reach the ocean bottom.	46
2802087636	Photic zone	The upper layer of ocean water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis.	47
2802088329	Aphotic zone	The deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis.	48
2802089138	Chemosynthesis	A process used by some bacteria in the ocean to generate energy with methane and hydrogen sulfide.	49