Chapter 7 (Friedland) Flashcards

3056424005	demography	study of human populations and population trends	0
3056424884	demographer	a scientist in the field of demography	1
3056425736	immigration	movement of people into a country or region, from another country or region	2
3056427125	emigration	movement of people out of a country or region	3
3056428800	crude birth rate (CBR)	number of births per 1,000 individuals per year	4
3056429429	crude death rate (CDR)	number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year	5
3056430828	doubling time	number of years it takes a population to double	6
3056431735	total fertility rate (TFR)	estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years	7
3056433900	replacement level fertility	total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size	8
3056435338	developed country	country with relatively high levels of industrialization and income	9
3056436420	developing country	country with relatively low levels of industrialization and income	10
3056437672	life expectancy	average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in that country	11
3056439635	infant mortality	number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births	12
3056440672	child mortality	number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births	13
3056441496	net migration rate	difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country	14
3056442604	age structure diagram	visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females	15
3056444191	population pyramid	age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, typically of developing countries	16
3056445850	population momentum	continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented	17
3056448065	theory of demographic transition	theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth	18
3056449241	affluence	state of having plentiful wealth including the possession of money, goods, or property	19
3056450402	family planning	practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control	20
3056452013	IPAT equation	equation used to estimate the impact of the human lifestyle on the environment: Impact = population x affluence x technology	21
3056454019	gross domestic product (GDP)	measure of the value of all products and services produced in one year in one country	22
3056455197	urban area	area that contains more than 385 people per square kilometer (1,000 per square mile)	23
3065565584	age specific birth rate	number of births expected per year among a fertility specific age group of women in a population	24
3065568169	cause specific death rate	number of deaths from one cause per 100,000 total deaths	25
3065568539	incidence rate	number of people contracting a disease during a time period, usually measured per 100 people	26
3065568931	case fatality rate	percentage of people who die once they contract a disease	27
3065569430	morbidity	general term meaning the occurrence of the disease and illness in a population	28
3065570094	rate of natural increase (RNI)	birth rate minus death rate, implying annual rate of population growth not including migration	29
3065570710	GNP per capita	gross national product (NDP), which includes the value of all domestic and foreign output per person	30
3065572710	human carrying capacity	number of people that can live on Earth at the same time	31
3065572926	acute/epidemic disease	appears rapidly in population. declines then almost disappears, only to reappear later	32
3065573510	chronic disease	is always present in a population. typically occurs in a relatively small but relatively constant presentation of the population	33
3065574674	maximum lifetime	genetically determined maximum possible age to which an individual of a species can live	34
3065576927	short term limiting factors	those that affect a population during the year in which they become limiting	35
3065577348	intermediate term limiting factors	those whose effects are apparent after one year but before 10 years	36
3065577946	long term limiting factors	those whose effects are not apparent for 10 years	37
3065580820	demographic fatigue	condition characterized by a lack of financial resources and an inability to deal effectively with threats such as natural catastrophes and diseases	38
3065581620	nonindustrial country	birth rates and death rates are high	39
3065581968	industrialization	health and sanitation improve, and the death rate drops rapidly	40
3065582661	preindustrial stage	harsh living conditions, high birth rate, high infant mortality rate, and high death rate	41
3065583049	transitional stage	industrialization begins, health care improves, death rates drop/birth rates high so population grows rapidly	42
3065583841	industrial stage	industrialization widespread, birth rate drops and approaches death rates	43
3065584243	postindustrial stage	birth rate declines even further, equaling the death rate and reaching zero population growth	44