Friedland Chapter 8 Flashcards

238355379	Core	innermost zone of the earth, mostly nickel and iron	0
238355380	Mantle	contains molten rock, above core	1
238355381	Magma	molten rock inside the earth	2
238355382	Asthenosphere	outer mantle, semi-molten rock	3
238355383	Lithosphere	brittle outermost layer of the earth	4
238355384	Convection	causes movement of hot materials towards surface	5
238355385	Hot spots	weak areas in crust where hot molten materials reach surface	6
238355386	Plate Tectonics	theory that crustal plates on surface are in motion	7
238355387	Crustal Plate	piece of earth's crust	8
238355388	Subduction	one crustal plate converging under another	9
238355389	Volcano	vent in Earth's surface that emits gas, ash and molten lava	10
238355390	Divergent Plate Boundary	two crustal plates move apart	11
238355391	Seafloor Spreading	diverging plates underwater	12
238355392	Convergent Plate Boundary	two crustal plates move together	13
238355393	Transform Fault Boundary	two crustal plates slide along side each other	14
238355394	Fault	crack in the earth's crust	15
238355395	Fault Zones	area surrounding crack in the earth's crust	16
238355396	Earthquakes	rocks of the lithosphere rupture and unexpectedly slip along fault	17
238355397	Seismic Activity	geologic activity surrounding a fault zone	18
238355398	Epicenter	point on surface of earth above earthquake	19
238355399	Richter Scale	reports magnitude of earthquake, logarthmic	20
238355400	Minerals	solid chemical substances with uniform crystalline structures	21
238355401	Rock Cycle	forms new rock by erosion, compression and heat	22
238355402	Igenous Rock	rock formed from hardened molten materials	23
238355403	Intrusive	rock formed inside earth, small crystals, igneous	24
238355404	Extrusive	rock formed outside earth, large crystals, igneous	25
238355405	Fractures	cracks formed when rocks cool	26
238355406	Sedimentary Rock	rock formed from compression and compaction of eroded rock particles	27
238355407	Metamorphic Rock	rock formed from heating and compressing other rocks	28
238355408	Weathering	wearing away of rock from wind, rain and certain chemicals	29
238355409	Physical Weathering	mechanical breakdown of rock by water and wind	30
238355410	Chemical Weathering	breakdown of rock by chemical reactions, dissolving of elements	31
238355411	Acid Precipitation	acidic atmospheric moisture that breaks down rocks and minerals	32
238355412	Erosion	physical removal of rock fragments	33
238355413	Deposition	accumulation or depositing of eroded material	34
238355414	Soil	mixture of geologic, chemical and biological components that support plant growth	35
238355415	Parent Material	rocks and minerals that make up soil and other rocks	36
238355416	Topography	lay of the land, surface slope and arrangement of landscape	37
238355417	Soil Horizons	layers of soil that depend on climate, vegetation and parent material	38
238355418	O-Horizon	organic top layer of soil, contains leaf litter	39
238355419	A-Horizon	topsoil layer	40
238355420	E-Horizon	zone of leaching, nutrients removed	41
238355421	B-Horizon	subsoil, composed primarily of mineral material, low organics	42
238355422	C-Horizon	weathered parent material	43
238355423	Texture	determined by percentages of sand, silt, and clay	44
238355424	Soil Pyramid	used to determine soil texture	45
238355425	Cation Exchange Capacity	nutrient holding capacity of soil	46
238355426	Base Saturation	measure of the proportion of soil bases to soil acids	47
238355427	Soil Degradation	loss of some or all of the ability of soils to support growth	48
238355428	Crustal Abundance	average concentration of an element in the crust	49
238355429	Ores	concentrated accumulations of minerals from which valuable materials can be extracted	50
238355430	Metals	elements with properties that allow them to conduct electricity	51
238355431	Reserve	the known quantity of the resource that can be economically recovered	52
238355432	Surface Mining	mining operations above ground	53
238355433	Strip Mining	removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore	54
238355434	Mining Spoils	unwanted waste material from mining	55
238355435	Open-Pit Mining	large pit or hole in the ground for easy extraction of materials	56
238355436	Mountaintop Removal	miners remove mountaintop to extact materials	57
238355437	Placer Mining	process of looking for metals or minerals in stream sediment	58
238355438	Subsurface Mining	mining operations below ground	59
238355439	Mining Law of 1872	regulates the mining of materials on federal land	60
238355440	Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977	requires mining companies to restore land after mining operations	61