Friedland 11 Flashcards

3753731470	malnourished	having a diet that lacks the correct b alance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals	0
3753731471	food security	a condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an acive and healthy life	1
3753731472	food insecurity	a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food	2
3753731473	famine	the condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period	3
3753731474	anemia	a deficiency of iron	4
3753731475	meat	livestock or poultry consumed as food	5
3753731476	industrial agriculture (agribusiness)	agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization	6
3753731477	energy subsidy	the energy input per calorie of food produced	7
3753731478	Green Revolution	a shift in africultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and resulted in increased food output	8
3753731479	economies of scale	the observation that average costs of production fall as output increases	9
3753731480	waterlogging	a form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods	10
3753731481	salinization	a form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation	11
3753731482	organic fertilizers	fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals	12
3753731483	inorganic fertilizers	aka synthetic fertilizerfertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels	13
3753731484	aquaculture	farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds	14
3753731485	monocropping	an agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species of variety	15
3753731486	pesticides	a substance, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests	16
3753731487	insecticides	a pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertibrates	17
3753731488	herbicides	a pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops	18
3753731489	broad-spectrum pesticides	a pesticide that kills many different types of pests	19
3753731490	selective pesticides	a pesticide that targets a narrower range of organisms	20
3753731491	persistence	the length of time a chemical remains in the environment	21
3753731492	bioaccumulation	an increased concentration of achemical within an organism over time	22
3753731493	nonpersistent pesticide	a pesticide that breaks down rapidly, usually in weeks or months	23
3753731494	resistantance	a measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem	24
3753731495	pesticide treadmill	a cycle of pesticide deelopment, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development	25
3753731496	conventional agriculture	aka industrial agriculture	26
3753731497	shifting agriculture	an agricultural method in which land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients	27
3753731498	desertification	the transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use	28
3753731499	nomadic grazing	feeding herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances	29
3753731500	sustainable agriculture	agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of the soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability for the farmer	30
3753731501	intercropping	an aagricutlural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction	31
3753731502	crop rotation	an agricultural technique in which crop species in a field are alternated from season to season	32
3753731503	agroforestry	an agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are intercropped	33
3753731504	contour plowing	an agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land	34
3753731505	no till agriculture	an agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons, used as a means of reducing erosion	35
3753731506	Intergrated Pest Management	an agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs	36
3753731507	organic agriculture	production of crops with the goal of improving the soil each year without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers	37
3753731508	concentrated agriculture feeding operations	a large indoor or outdoor structure used to raise animals at very high densities	38
3753731509	fishery	a commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region	39
3753731510	fishery collapse	the decline of a fish population by 90% or more	40
3753731511	bycatch	the unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing	41
3753731512	individual transferable quotas	a fishery management program in which individual fisers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can either catch or sell	42