American Pageant Chapter 14 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards

3636150866	Ancient Order of Hibernians (mid-nineteenth century)	Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States.	0
3636150867	Awful Disclosures (1836)	Maria Monk's sensational expose of alleged horrors in Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence.	1
3636150868	clipper ships (1840s-1850s)	Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. They were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War.	2
3636150869	Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)	Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions.	3
3636150870	cotton gin (1793)	Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. It made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.	4
3636150871	cult of domesticity	Pervasive nineteenth century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.	5
3636150872	ecological imperialism	Historians' term for the spoliation of Western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.	6
3636150873	Erie Canal (completed 1825)	New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest. (329)	7
3636150874	Know-Nothing party (1850s)	Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.	8
3636150875	limited liability	Legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares.	9
3636150876	market revolution	Eighteenth and nineteenth century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network.	10
3636150877	McCormick reaper (1831)	Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.	11
3636150878	Molly Maguires (1860s-1870s)	Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.	12
3636150879	Patent Office	Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years.	13
3636150880	Pony Express (1860-1861)	Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely-placed outposts.	14
3636150881	rendezvous	The principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts.	15
3636150882	"Self-Reliance" (1841)	Ralph Waldo Emerson's popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830s and 1840s.	16
3636150883	Tammany Hall (established 1789)	Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services.	17
3636150884	transportation revolution	Term referring to a series of nineteenth century transportation innovations-turnpikes, steamboats, canals and railroads-that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.	18
3636150885	turnpike	Privately-funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce.	19
3636150886	Samuel Slater	"Father of the American Factory System," skilled British mechanic who brought the plans for their textile machines to America.	20
3636150887	Cyrus McCormick	Invented a mechanical mower-reaper; one man could do the work of five.	21
3636150888	Eli Whitney	Made the cotton gin, developed the idea of interchangeable parts.	22
3636150889	Carl Schurz	German political spokesperson; he was against slavery and political corruption.	23
3636150890	Robert Fulton	Invented the first steamboat by installing a steam engine in the Clermont steamship.	24
3636150891	Samuel Morse	Invented the telegraph, strung a line between Washington and Baltimore.	25
3636150892	DeWitt Clinton	Presided over the construction of the Erie Canal; Governor of New York.	26
3636150893	Catharine Beecher	Urged women to take up the teaching profession.	27
3636150894	George Catlin	One of the first Americans to advocate the preservation of nature as a deliberate national policy; he proposed the idea of a national park.	28