AP World History Quarter 1 Review (Units 1-3) Flashcards

5778459796	Homo sapiens	The species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic	0
5778459813	Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era	From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	1
5778459792	Paleolithic	The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence	2
5778459790	Hunting and Gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	3
5778459815	During the Paleolithic era, fire was used in new ways including ___ (list 3)	aid hunting and foraging, protect against predators, adapt to cold environments	4
5778459814	Egalitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples in a society	5
5778459793	Neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	6
5778459799	Bronze Age	From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing	7
5778459791	Civilization	Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups	8
5778459797	Neolithic Agricultural Revolution	Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture	9
5778459817	Advantage of agriculture	more reliable and abundant food supply	10
5778459818	Disadvantages of agriculture	disease, malnutrition, crop reliance	11
5778459798	Pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	12
5778459821	Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations	new weapons and modes of transportation	13
5778459795	Culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	14
5778372249	Social Heirarchy	how individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder	15
5778372245	Patriarchy	A male dominated society	16
5778459800	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	17
5778459801	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	18
5778459802	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	19
5778459803	City-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	20
5778459804	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	21
5778372273	Assyrian Empire	this empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE.	22
5778459822	the first written legal code was ______	Code of Hammurabi	23
5778459805	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	24
5778459806	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	25
5778459807	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	26
5778459808	Hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	27
5778372256	Polytheistic	The belief in many gods	28
5778459809	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	29
5778372261	Judaism	an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.	30
5778372254	Zoroanstrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.	31
5778372277	Vedic Religions	Core beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation.	32
5778459810	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	33
5778459811	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty	34
5778459812	Oracles	Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	35
5778372244	Caste System	a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich	36
5778372247	Mandate of Heaven	an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.	37
5778372248	Silk Road	an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea	38
5778372250	Reincarnation	the rebirth of a soul in a new body.	39
5778372253	Eightfold Path	the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.	40
5778372255	Greek Philosophy	the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics	41
5778372257	Legalism	strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.	42
5778372258	Confucianism	a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.	43
5778372259	Buddhism	is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").	44
5778372262	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	45
5778372263	Daoism	a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.	46
5778372264	Han Dynasty	an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.	47
5778372265	Persia	an empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.	48
5778372266	Gupta	an empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.	49
5778372267	Ancient Egypt	an empire that lasted for 3000 years	50
5778372268	Roman empire	located in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.	51
5778372269	Maya	located in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e.	52
5778372270	State	A body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority	53
5778372271	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.	54
5778372275	Roman Empire	Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.	55
5778372276	Sanskrit Scriptures	An ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived.	56
5778372278	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	57
5778372279	Mauryan Empire	(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.	58
5778372280	Ashoka	Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.	59
5778372281	Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)	Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.	60
5778372282	Emperor Constantine	Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.	61
5778372283	Buddha		62
5778372289	Parthenon		63
5778372292	Gupta Empire	(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.	64
5778372296	Aqueduct		65
5778372297	Colosseum		66
5778372300	Indian Ocean Maritime System		67
5778372301	Silk Road		68
5778372302	Trans-Saharan Trade Route		69
5778372303	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	70
5778372304	monasticism	A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith	71
5778372305	shamanism	The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia.	72
5778372306	animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	73
5778372307	ancestor veneration	Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors	74
5778372308	syncretic religion	Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both	75
5778372309	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.	76
5778372310	Qin Dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	77
5778372311	Han Dynasty	(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity	78
5778372313	Hellenistic	Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.	79
5778372314	Teotihuacan	A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.	80
5778372315	Moche	civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	81
5778372317	Cahokia	an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.	82
5778372318	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.	83
5778372321	Athens	A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.	84
5778372322	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.	85
5778372323	Alexandria	City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.	86
5778372324	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	87
5778372325	Silk Roads	trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire	88
5778372326	Trans-Saharan Caravan Route	Islamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000.	89
5778372327	Indian Ocean Sea Lanes	lanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China	90
5778372328	Mediterranean Sea Lanes	Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred	91
5778372329	Qanat System	a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields	92
5778372331	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.	93
5778372332	Paul of Tarsus	A Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.	94
5778372337	tribute	Money paid by one country to another in return for protection	95
5804504247	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	96
5804504248	Bahgdad	The capital of the Muslim world during the regions intellectual, economic, and political height	97
5804504249	Umayyad	The first large islamic Caliphate. Its capital was in Damascus and it favored Arabs over Persians and other ethnic groups.	98
5804504250	Abbasid	Islamic empire that was more cosmopolitan, more accepting of non-Arabs, and ruled the region until overthrown by the Mongols.	99
5804504251	lateen	A triangular shaped sail adopted by Muslim sailors that allowed ships better maneuverability in the open ocean	100
5804504252	Astrolabe	a tool adapted by Muslim traders that used the stars to aid maritime navigation	101
5804504253	caravan	Used camels with newly innovated saddles to carry large loads of merchandise across trade routes with incremental rest stops.	102
5804504254	Muhammad	religious leader who claimed to be the third prophet of the God of Abraham	103
5804504255	Qur'an	the holy book of Islam	104
5804504256	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	105
5804504257	hajj	One of the five pillars of Islam that requires all Muslims to make a pilgrimage to Mecca if they are able.	106
5804504258	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	107
5804504259	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam that the caliph should be elected; included the Umayyads	108
5804504260	Shi'ah	followers of the interpretation within Islam that the caliph should be a blood relative of Muhammad	109
5804504261	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. Were given freedom to worship under most Islamic empires but sometimes faced some extra burdens like increased taxes	110
5804504262	Sikhism	South Asian Belief system that blends ideas from Hinduism and Islam	111
5804504263	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	112
5804504264	Sharia	Islmic holy law that draws its inspiration from Muslim holy texts	113
5804504265	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	114
5804504266	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	115
5804504267	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	116
5804504268	Chinggis Khan	Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	117
5804504269	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	118
5804504270	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	119
5804504271	Constantinople	Capital of the Byzantine Empire, later known as Istanbul after the Turkish conquest.	120
5804504272	schism	The split between the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox church in the 11th century	121
5804504273	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	122
5804504274	Feudalism	system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	123
5804504275	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the feudal system	124
5804504276	Charlemagne	monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	125
5804504277	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	126
5804504278	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	127
5804504279	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	128
5804504280	Sui	restored order to China after the long warring period following the collapse of the Han Dynasty	129
5804504281	Tributary system	The system whereby China saw itself as a "Middle Kingdom" which the rest of the region revolved around. It forced neighboring powers to give large gifts and kowtow to the emperor annually.	130
5804504282	Neo-Confucianism	A syncretic faith that combines rational thought about social order with the metaphysics of Daoism and Buddhism	131
5804504283	Xuanzang	Chinese monk who made a pilgrimage to India and popularized Mahayana Buddhism in China, in spite of resistance from the Tang emperors.	132
5804504284	Shinto	a Japanese religion dating from the early 8th century and incorporating the worship of ancestors and nature spirits and a belief in sacred power ( kami ) in both animate and inanimate things. It was the state religion of Japan until 1945.	133
5804504285	Grand Canal	great canal system in China that joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	134
5804504286	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	135
5804504287	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	136
5804504288	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	137
5804504289	Footbinding	practice imposed during the Song dynasty in China. It limited women's mobility and demonstrates decreased status for women.	138
5804504290	Seppuku	ritual suicide by samurai in Japan; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	139
5804504291	Shoguns	military leaders in feudal Japan	140
5804504292	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states Japan's feudal era	141
5804504293	Champa (quick ripening) Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	142
5804504294	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influenced Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	143
5804504295	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	144
5804504296	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	145